第149节：第八章 俄罗斯(9)
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“欧洲宪兵”与女皇的嫁妆
南方进入黑海，西方兼并波兰，北方夺取芬兰作为彼得堡的屏障，巩固俄国在彼得一世时所占领的波罗的海沿岸的地位，这是18世纪后半期俄国扩张的主要目标。更多小说ltxsba.com对于俄国来说，实现这一目标的主要障碍除了土耳其、波兰和瑞典以外，还有英国、法国、普鲁士和奥地利四强。而“七年战争”结束时的欧洲形势是：英法矛盾尚未消解，都想拉拢俄国；奥地利也因战争消耗而精疲力竭，并且对瓜分波兰早已垂涎三尺；普鲁士则刚刚与俄国缔结了战后和约。这样的形势对于俄国来说无疑是十分有利的。为了保险起见，叶卡特琳娜二世又先后同普鲁士、丹麦缔结盟约，同英国缔结商约，目的是利用北方列强的支持制约法、奥、土的力量，巩固俄国在波兰和近东的势力。待一切准备就绪之后，俄国就又一次迈出了侵略扩张的脚步。
18世纪中期的波兰，地处波罗的海和黑海之间，是一个地域辽阔的多民族国家，面积达73万平方公里，占当时欧洲的第三位。由于它的位置正好阻隔了俄国通向西欧的道路，因此成为俄国历代君主竭力削弱和侵蚀的主要对象。北方战争后，波兰实际上已经沦为俄国的附庸。但俄国并未就此满足，而是伙同奥地利、普鲁士一起，分别于1772、1793和1795年三次迫使波兰签署割让领土的协定，最终导致波兰的灭亡，直到1918年才重新恢复了独立。
三次瓜分行动使俄国获得了46万多平方公里的土地，占波兰原有领土的62%，比普、奥两国的所得之和还要多。作为瓜分波兰的罪魁祸首，叶卡特琳娜也成为欧洲反动势力的代表。与此同时，她还以武力吞并了整个立陶宛、白俄罗斯和大部分乌克兰，将俄国西部边界从第聂伯河推进到涅曼河和布格河一线，从而与普鲁士和奥地利两个强邻接壤。但这实际上给俄普、俄奥之间的关系埋下了不安全的隐患。
自18世纪起日渐衰落的奥斯曼土耳其帝国成为欧洲列强窥伺的目标，而俄国自然是其中最为踊跃的争夺者之一。为了打通南方出海口，实现彼得大帝的夙愿，一代代俄罗斯人进行着不懈的尝试却始终未能如愿。到了叶卡特琳娜二世的时代，这个机会终于来了。
1767年，叶卡特琳娜武装入侵波兰的行动使土耳其政府及其支持者法国深感不安，他们担心自身的利益受到影响。于是在法国的支持下，土耳其苏丹于1768年对俄国正式宣战。由于双方实力相差较大，因此战争的进程对俄国极为有利。正当俄军准备乘胜追击、而土耳其被迫求和之时，俄国国内爆发了普加乔夫起义。为了集中精力平定国内形势，叶卡特琳娜二世做出了通过谈判结束战争的决定。1774年7月21日，俄土双方代表签订了停战和约，史称《库楚克－凯纳吉》条约。这一条约在俄土关系史上具有十分重要的作用。它不仅使俄国鲸吞了黑海东岸原属土耳其的土地，从而打开了自南方进入黑海的出口，而且为俄国吞并克里米亚，干涉土耳其内政以及进一步向巴尔干和近东地区扩张都埋下了伏笔。
在镇压了普加乔夫起义之后，俄国国内出现了暂时的平静。这使得不甘寂寞的叶卡特琳娜二世得以重新回到她所钟爱的领土扩张计划中来。她无法满足于《库楚克－凯纳吉》条约带给她的短暂的快感，而是希望瓜分波兰的一幕能再度重演。为此她坚决贯彻了夺取克里米亚的计划。到1776年，俄军事实上已经控制了克里米亚半岛。1783年，叶卡特琳娜女皇发表了宣言，将克里米亚划为俄罗斯边区，正式置于俄国政府管辖之下。俄国的扩张行为和丝毫不见收敛的野心引起了英国和普鲁士的担忧。在两国的支持和怂恿下，土耳其苏丹于1787年8月再次对俄宣战，第二次俄土战争爆发。在欧洲列强的阻挠和干预之下，俄国最终放弃了原定的计划，与土耳其签订了《雅西和约》。根据和约规定，俄国从土耳其手中获得了克里米亚和黑海北岸广大地区的永久占有权，从而巩固了俄在黑海的势力范围，为深入巴尔干打下了基础。
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