原序
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他开起玩笑来,不分敌友。有一次,在朝廷盛典中,在众大臣之前,他向一位
道学家开玩笑,用一个文词将他刺痛,他后来不得不承担此事的后果。可是,别人
所不能了解的是,苏东坡会因事发怒,但是他却不会恨人。他恨邪恶之事,对身为
邪恶之人,他并不记挂心中。只是不喜爱此等人而已。因为恨别人,是自己无能的
表现,所以,苏东坡并非才不如人,因而也从不恨人。总之,我们所得的印象是,
他的一生是载歌载舞,深得其乐,忧患来临,一笑置之。他的这种魔力就是我这鲁
拙之笔所要尽力描写的,他这种魔力也就是使无数中国的读书人对他所倾倒,所爱
慕的。
本书所记载的是一个诗人、画家与老百姓之挚友的事迹。他感受敏锐,思想透
彻,写作优美,作为勇敢,绝不为本身利益而动摇,也不因俗见而改变。他并不精
于自谋。但却富有民胞物与的精神。他对人亲切热情、慷慨厚道,虽不积存一文钱,
但自己却觉得富比王侯。他虽生性倔强、絮聒多言,但是富有捷才,不过也有时口
不择言,过于心直日快;他多才多艺、好奇深思,虽深沉而不免于轻浮,处世接物,
不拘泥于俗套,动笔为文则自然典雅;为父兄、为丈夫,以儒学为准绳,而骨子里
则是一纯然道家,但愤世嫉俗,是非过于分明。以文才学术论,他远超过其他文人
学士之上,他自然无须心怀忌妒,自己既然伟大非他人可及,自然对人温和友善,
对自己亦无损害,他是纯然一副淳朴自然相,故无需乎尊贵的虚饰;在为官职所羁
绊时,他自称局促如辕下之驹。处此乱世,他犹如政坛风暴中之海燕,是庸妄的官
僚的仇敌,是保民抗暴的勇士。虽然历朝天子都对他怀有敬慕之心,而历朝皇后都
是他的真挚友人,苏东坡竟屡遭贬降,曾受逮捕,忍辱苟活。
有一次,苏东坡对他弟弟子由说了几句话,话说得最好,描写他自己也恰当不
过:
“吾上可陪玉皇大帝,下可以陪卑田院乞儿。眼前见天下无一个不好人。”
所以,苏东坡过得快乐,无所畏惧,像一阵清风度过了一生,不无缘故。
苏东坡一生的经历,根本是他本性的自然流露。在玄学上,他是个佛教徒,他
知道生命是某种东西刹那之间的表现,是永恒的精神在刹那之间存在躯壳之中的形
式,但是他却不肯接受人生是重担、是苦难的说法——他认为那不尽然。至于他自
己本人,是享受人生的每一刻时光。在玄学方面,他是印度教的思想,但是在气质
上,他却是道地的中国人的气质。从佛教的否定人生,儒家的正视人生,道家的简
化人生,这位诗人在心灵识见中产生了他的混合的人生观。人生最长也不过三万六
千日,但是那已然够长了;即使他追寻长生不死的仙丹露药终成泡影,人生的每一
刹那,只要连绵不断,也就美好可喜了。他的肉体虽然会死,他的精神在下一辈子,
则可成为天空的星、地上的河,可以闪亮照明、可以滋润营养,因而维持众生万物。
这一生,他只是永恒在刹那显现间的一个微粒,他究竟是哪一个微粒,又何关乎重
要?所以生命毕竟是不朽的、美好的,所以他尽情享受人生。这就是这位旷古奇才
乐天派的奥秘的一面。
本书并未附有脚注,但曾细心引用来源可征之资料,并尽量用原来之语句,
不过此等资料之运用,表面看来并不明显易见。因所据来源全系中文。供参考之脚
注对大多数美国读者并不实用。资料来源可查书后参考书目。为免读者陷入中国人
名复杂之苦恼,我已尽量淘汰不重要人物的名字,有时只用姓而略其名。此外对人
也前后只用一个名字,因为中国文人有四五个名字。原文中引用的诗,有的我译英
诗,有的因为句中有典故,译成英诗之后古怪而不像诗,若不加冗长的注解,含义
仍然晦涩难解,我索性就采用散文略达文意了。
林语堂
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