第40节：账内规范(1)
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王老板创业失败的主要原因就是财务管理一直不到位，相信自己的脑袋而不相信财务，财务上的不规范影响了企业的发展壮大。龙腾小说网ltxsba.com由于长期以来中经营轻财务，账目不健全、财务管理不到位，王老板对于自己的产品哪种畅销、哪种滞销不能及时地统计出来。因为商场是事后结账，他不知道哪个品种卖得快，等过了一两个月，商场把信息反馈过来以后，进货已经来不及了。
当王老板向我们求助时，我在了解了他的情况后，建议他加强财务管理，通过财务手段控制整个企业管理过程：
第一，彻底清理库存，引入财务管理软件，对库存的商品用财务软件进行核算，把一千多种商品的库存状况输入电脑，利用现代技术进行库存管理。
第二，加强财务核算，先把基础工作做好，同时根据企业特点专门设立一个应收账款会计。因为其业务涉及30多家大商场，要和他们分别结账，是一件比较麻烦的事。
以前王老板总是亲自去商场结账，由于事务繁忙，结账的事情就越来越乱，到最后他甚至记不清各商场到底欠他多少钱了。设立了应收账款会计之后，专人负责，财务核算就到位了。
采取了这些措施以后，该企业整体的财务管理、核算就比较规范了。现在企业的状况是，只要有出货，很快就会得到反馈，到底哪些品种赚钱，哪些品种不赚钱，哪个品种库里还有多少存货等等，一清二楚。王老板彻底走出了营业额超不过300万的怪圈。
上面举了企业账目不规范的例子，说明账目不规范给企业管理带来了一系列的麻烦，下面我们把企业账目不规范的现象做一个简单概括。
第一，业务与核算脱节
前面讲的“三角债”的案例说过，企业实际收入是1700多万，但是账上能确认的收入和支出只有470万。核算是核算，业务是业务，这可能导致业务的发展超前或滞后于核算，业务与核算严重脱节。
第二，账目不健全
有些一般纳税人，尤其是小型的商贸企业，不重视库存商品明细账的建立，但税务部门在稽查的时候，不光是查总账和其附带的报表，肯定还会查明细账，因为这个环节最能发现问题。就一般纳税人而言，账目不健全会引起税务机关重点观注的。
账、表、凭证不相符。会计基本原则要求账账相符、账实相符、账表相符，但是很多企业账、表、凭证都不相符，凭证上面是一个数，表是一个数，账是另一个数。
核算的原则前后不一致。即使在做到了账表相符的企业中，有很多在核算原则上前后不一致。有些企业用毛利率法进行核算，比如说一开始毛利率是15％，可是核算完了，到季度申报的时候，企业发现账上有利润了，又觉得15％太高了，于是把毛利率降低，比如降到10％。毛利率降到了10％之后，成本从原来占价格的85％上升到90％，利润就降低了，应交的所得税就减少了。这违反了会计核算原则中的一贯性原则，也会导致账目不规范。税务部门来查企业所得税的时候，如果发现毛利率从年初的15%降到了第一季度的10%，就会要求企业立即进行调整。从税务部门来看，如果企业改变了核算方式，就意味着成本、利润和所得税的改变，所以说在核算原则上，不能前后不一致，这是财务人员在核算当中应该注意的。
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