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第148章 科举

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“平安……”我赶紧喝止她,这孩子怎么说话这般没分寸。果然见皇帝的眉毛微微一挑,唇角似笑非笑地勾起来:“女子当皇帝?你又是打哪儿听来的?”

我吸了口气,想着怎么回答他的话:“其实妾身幼时听人讲过,在海外和极远的西方,女子和男子一样,可以读书,入朝为官,为国家效力,女帝也是有的。”

“那你讲一讲,女帝是怎么治国的?”皇帝拗着这个问题不放,我感觉背心有点寒意,看皇帝那不依不饶的样子,也别想唬弄过去,想了想,小心翼翼地道:“妾身听过海外一个叫唐国的国家,有位女帝名叫武则天,在她统治的年代,重视发展农业生产,革除时弊,完善科举制度,破除门阀观念,不拘一格任用贤才,形成强有力的中央集权,社会安定,经济发展,是一位有为的女帝。”

“完善科举制度,破除门阀观念?”皇帝怔了怔,“什么是科举?”

“呃?”我这才反应过来,这个时空还没有科举这个制度,官吏选拔类似于汉代的“察举”制,察举有考察、推举的意思,又叫荐举。由侯国、州郡的地方长官在辖区内随时考察、选取人才,推荐给上级或中央,经过试用考核,再任命官职。实际上察举多为世族大家垄断,互相吹捧,弄虚作假,拉帮结派,能为国家真正选拔出有用的人才很少。还有一种形式是“征辟”。征,是皇帝征聘社会知名人士到朝廷充任要职。辟,是中央官署的高级官僚或地方政府的官吏任用属吏,再向朝廷推荐。总之,入朝谋个一官半职,都是要经过推荐的,就像云家和沧都世族搞的赛诗大会,说白了就是在拉帮结派。

我不知道把这些东西说出去是福是祸,有些迟疑,皇帝目光慑人地看着我,步步紧逼:“荣华夫人?”

“科举是指朝廷通过考试选拔官吏的一种制度。”我吸了口气,想着怎么尽量简单地把科举制度解释皇帝听,“由于采用分科取士的办法,所以叫科举。完善的科举考试共分四级:院试、乡试、会试和殿试,考试的内容基本是儒家经义,以‘四书’文句为题,规定文章格式为八股文……”

皇帝的眼神一亮,熠熠生辉,出声打断我:“儒家经义?四书?”

我懊恼得差点想咬掉自己的舌头,见皇帝兴致勃勃的表情,知道不解释一下唬弄不过去,咽了口唾沫,费力地道:“在唐国那个地方,古代出过一个圣人叫孔子,他倡导了一种学说叫儒家学说,成为文化的主流、帝王治国的方针、国人的指导思想。四书指的都是他们那里古代圣人的一些经典文献,是儒家思想的核心。”

“那这位孔圣人倡导的儒家学说,都讲了些什么?四书又写了些什么?”皇帝的眼睛一眯,咄咄逼人地道。

我怎么知道啊?我又没看过四书五经!我咬了咬唇,强笑道:“儒家学说倡导‘仁、义、礼、智、信’。‘仁’是儒家思想的核心内容,儒家学说将‘仁’作为道德伦理的总纲,认为君主要体察民情、爱惜民力、反对苛政、实施仁政。提倡礼义治国,以‘礼’、‘乐’,约束人的行为,陶冶人的性情。至于这‘四书’,公子可就难为我了,我只听说过这些故事,可没看过故事里的书啊。”

皇帝定定地看着我,表情深沉莫测,半晌,唇角微微一勾:“继续说你那科举吧。”

我松了口气,接着道:“科举的院试也叫童生试、童试,主要是指由各省学政主持的地方科举考试,包括县试、府试和院试三个阶段,全国的学子都可以报名参加考试,不分年龄、门弟的高底,出身的贵贱,机会均等。院试合格后取得生员资格,方能进入府、州、县学学习,所以又叫入学考试。应试者不分年龄大小都称童生。”

皇帝的眼睛越来越亮:“接着说。”

“乡试是每三年在各省省城举行的一次考试,只有童生才能参加,通常在秋八月举行,故又称秋闱。主考官由皇帝委派,考后发布正、副榜,正榜所取的叫举人,第一名叫解元。”我努力搜索着脑子里有些模糊的记忆,“会试同样是每三年在京城举行的一次考试,通常在春季举行,故又称春闱。考试由礼部主持,皇帝任命正、副总裁,全国各省的举人及国子监监生皆可应考,录取三百名为贡士,第一名叫会元。”

寂将军及一众千金的表情是匪夷所思,毕竟在这个做官理所当然由世家举荐的时代,这样相对来说给全民提供一个较为公平的考试机会的机制,对他们来说过于震撼。皇帝目光炯炯地看着我:“那殿试呢?”

“殿试是科举制最高级别的考试,由皇帝在殿廷上,对会试录取的贡士亲自策问,以定甲第。有时皇帝也委派大臣主管殿试,并不亲自策问。录取分为三甲:一甲三名,赐‘进士及第’的称号,第一名称状元,第二名称榜眼,第三名称探花;二甲若干名,赐‘进士出身’的称号;三甲若干名,赐‘同进士出身’的称号。二、三甲第一名皆称传胪,一二三甲统称进士,因为殿试是由皇帝策问的,所以民间也把高中进士者称为天子门生。”我一口气说下来,嗓子有些干,端起水杯,喝了口蜜糖水。

抬眼见皇帝眼神亮得慑人,他的语气有些不平静的暗流浮动:“天子门生?”

“是。天子门生。”我点点头,坦然地看着他,“这些人是皇帝选拔出来的人才,效忠的是皇帝,维护的是国家的利益,而不是世家盘根错节的利益关系,皇帝若不想被世家牵制,科举是最好的办法。”

“荣华夫人……”寂惊云讶异地看着我,在座的千金少爷们也像看怪物似的看我,皇帝定定凝望我的眼中带着意味不明的复杂情绪,胸口明显地起伏不平。

——2007、1、29

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