第二十章、秦因何亡
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郑玄苦笑道：“然而学之兴也，恰正因为人心不正，世道不宁。昔周代殷，小邦取之大国，乃生周公；周道既衰，诸侯纷乱，乃生孔子；汉初执黄老无为之说，国虽定矣，而臣于匈奴，乃生仲舒。今谓郑学兴，岂非因汉道凌替之故乎？”
是勋说正因为这样，您老才必须出山，去讲经论道，澄清人心，安定天下啊。
郑玄不理他的话，只是自顾自地说下去：“孔子以后，有曾子、荀卿，有子思，孟轲，皆能光其师教，而别有阐发。逮至儒入官学，置五经博士，今文独重其家门、师门，陈陈相因，不思进取。儒其盛乎？儒其衰也！古文之兴，为其在野，恐一日而为官学，亦将陈腐没落，一如今日之今学也。”
是勋听了这话，就不禁肃然起敬，心说老先生您想得还真深远。好在论起朝代的兴衰，历史的变迁，他终究比郑玄多了两千年的参照物，有些问题，就没郑玄那么悲观——
“所谓‘五百年，圣人出’，兴亡盛衰，本同此理。周公为其官学，孔子乃为私学，仲舒为其官学，如今先生乃为私学。先生是愿使官学日腐，而独执私学于野呢，还是愿将私学为官，使其再兴一二十年，以待新之私学呢？譬如为人，少年终将老迈，老者终不免死，难道永为私学。则可不死乎？而老者虽死，又有少者新生，难道以为郑学永在民间，便可以千秋万世者乎？”老先生您未免想得太多了吧。
郑玄听了这话，精神不由得一振，可是眼中的火花才刚一冒，却又瞬间黯淡下去：“故此老夫老矣。不欲阻卿等少年之途。郑氏能为官学，弟子皆有所职，于愿已足，何必定要老夫入许？朽干横路，新苗难生啊。”
是勋心说看起来光说学问的兴盛、发展，那是说不服你啦。咱干脆讲点儿别的：“先生以为今时今世，汉室衰颓，诸侯纷争，比之先周如何？孔子尚周游列国，孜孜求仕，其为学乎？其为天下也。郑学执古文之牛耳，先生为儒之集大成者。名重天下，先生入许，则天下士子莫不翘首相望，人心既定，世道乃安。难道先生不愿为天下太平奉献心力么？”说白了吧，我找你去许都，就是要拿你当大旗立着，凝聚人心。统一思想，进而才能统一天下。也不要你管事儿，甚至不要你讲学，你光跟尊佛像似的杵在那儿就得。
“譬如孝武皇帝以公孙弘为相，弘习文法吏事，不过缘饰以儒术而已，孝武用之。为其名也，非为其实也。”“习文法吏事，而又缘饰以儒术”乃是史书对公孙弘的评价，说这人表面上是儒生。骨子里是文法吏，儒学只是他打出来扬名的幌子而已。但是武帝“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”，不用真正的大儒比如孔仲舒为相，却选中了公孙弘，不过是要利用他儒者的名声罢了。
郑玄听了这话，倒不禁笑起来了，一指是勋：“卿与天子，亦如此言否？”是勋老实回答：“不曾。”“与曹孟德，亦如此言否？”是勋继续老实回答：“毋须赘言，而曹公自明。”
郑玄喘息了两声，突然转换话题：“卿以为秦因何而亡？”
是勋心说怎么的，我说历史吧，你也说历史，这一杆子就打出八丈远去。跟师长对话就是有这点儿不好，对方随时可以转换话题，你却不能不跟着跑，对方但凡有所发问，你还一定得回答，不能顾左右而言他。
就比方现在郑玄问了，你认为秦朝为的什么原因才灭亡的？是勋就必须得回答：“为秦不行仁义，不法先王，举措暴重，而用刑太急。”郑玄轻轻摇头：“此陆贾之言也，非卿之言。”是勋又说：“为秦废先王之道，焚百家之言，以愚黔首……”话还没说完，又被郑玄打断了：“此贾生（贾谊）之言也，非卿之言——吾独欲观卿之识见，闻卿之所言。”你别背前人的成句，把自己的想法都说出来吧。
是勋没有办法，只好在心里略微组织一下语句，然后长长地吸了一口气：“勋以为，秦之亡也，其过有三。”
“哦？”郑玄往起探了探身子，“其一为何？”
“秦民质朴，故以法御之。而即便如此，先有南门立木，后有商君车裂，以示其信，然后可用。关东之民，散漫久矣，况多年御秦，父兄多死，是不明且不适秦法，不信且怨怼秦人。而法不更，仍以御秦人之策以御关东之众——其亡一也。”
“那其二呢？”
“始皇修长城、开灵渠，固有利于国，而建阿房、筑陵寝，则无益于民。况动辄百十万之众，日夜驱策，不使休息，死亡枕藉——民非牛马，劳而必怨，怒而必争，于是一夫振臂，万夫景从——是其亡之二也。”
“其三？”
“秦吏非止暴虐，而兼贪婪。始皇聚天下之财货、美女，以充阿房，二世更日夕淫乐，不事其政。上行下效，乃有沛令宴宾，以进钱以别亲疏，项梁罪及，曹咎书抵司马欣。吏既贪暴，民安得不反？——此其亡之三也。”
是勋说秦朝不仅仅皇帝骄奢淫逸而已，官吏贪腐问题也非常严重，他提了史书上有载的两件事儿。一是沛县县令招待老友吕公，也就是后来的汉高皇后吕雉他爹，县中官绅全都带着钱去恭贺，县吏萧何亲自点算，礼物超过一千钱的才准登堂，不足一千钱的，您且堂下候着吧——这是公然索贿受贿。二是项梁曾经受人牵连，被栎阳县追捕，他请老朋友、蕲县狱掾（公安局长）曹咎写信给栎阳狱掾司马欣，帮忙把事儿给平了——这是公然的知法犯法、执法枉法。吏治如此腐败，老百姓还怎么可能不造反呢？
PS：介绍个龙套，本章是勋和郑玄口中的乐浪马讼之，乃是一位多年好友，姓马，律师，有点儿不务正业，经常在微博上发训诂、语音之类的帖子，嗯，写到是勋伪造训诂之师，就把他给扯出来了，正合适。
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