第二十九章 、律有明文
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是勋根本不必要召唤人证来对峙，甚至根本不管吴质是否真的向鲜卑拓拔部输入过盐铁，就直接宣布吴质无罪。更多小说ltxs520.com此言一出，堂上、堂下莫不哗然。
其实盐、铁，盐、铁，关键在铁而不在盐。西汉武帝时代盐、铁曾一度官卖，作为重要战略物资完全控制在政府手中，其后虽然禁令废弛，但在对匈奴等北方游牧民族的贸易方面，仍然采取严禁的态度——所以习惯上盐、铁并称。然而禁止食盐输出，并没有明确条文规定，况且草原民族也未必就有多缺盐——他们搞不到海盐，但有可能搞到岩盐和池盐，只是对于内迁或者内侵入朔州、并州北部的那些部族来说，相对缺乏而已。
至于铁，尤其是铁制兵器，那是必须严禁的。草原民族缺乏铁矿资源，更缺乏开采和冶炼的技术，所以武器相对粗劣——即便如此，他们靠着骑射之能，就已经给中原王朝惹出不小的麻烦来了，这要是再输出好铁、好兵器，那还得了吗？
古代相当长一段时间内，中原的冶铁技术都要远超周边少数民族地区，汉军之所以能战，很大程度也是靠着器械之力，倘若两者得以持平，对外战争就要艰难得多。比方说前汉吕后执政时期，因为一度与南粤国关系紧张，就临时颁布禁令，禁止向南粤输出铁器。
当然啦，禁令虽然颁布了，但是南北方的国境线都相当长，很难彻底控扼，加上私商们为了谋求高利润更是无所不用其极。仍然有大量的铁器被暗中输至境外。再加上部分冶铁工匠或被掳，或私逃，提升了少数民族的技术能力，所以武器水平也在逐渐拉平中。终究那个时代，彻底的技术封锁是很难完成的。
灵帝时代。蔡邕时为议郎，在出击鲜卑的问题上曾经上书谏阻，奏书中就说过：“自匈奴遁逃，鲜卑强盛，据其故地，称兵十万。才力劲健，意智益生。加以关塞不严，禁网多漏，精金良铁，皆为贼有；汉人逋逃。为之谋主，兵利马疾，过于匈奴……”
“精金良铁，皆为贼有”，就是禁令不严，导致大量铁器，尤其是铁兵器外流的结果，由此而产生的鲜卑“兵利马疾。过于匈奴”之恶果，有识之士是看得很清楚的。
所以对于吴质之案，无论是擒人的赵达、审案的杨沛。还是堂下旁观众人，都以为是勋要在人证方面大做文章，从而试图抹消掉吴质的嫌疑。可是没有想到，是勋开口竟说：“便吴季重实输盐铁入鲜卑中又如何？便有此事，也是无罪！”当下无不哗然。
难道是宏辅仗着丞相的宠信，打算硬生生阻挠刺奸办案吗？
杨沛、赵达的面色都变得非常难看。倘若换了一个人，便当场喝令小吏将其乱棍打将出去了。然而是勋终究不同旁人。杨沛只好沉着脸问道：“司直此言何意？法有明文……”
是勋打断了他的话，但是却不瞧他。只是盯着赵达，沉声问道：“汝言输铁入鲜卑为罪，未知法有明文乎？”
赵达瞥一眼杨沛，心说果然是勋是冲着我来的，好吧，杨孔渠你就好好跟上面瞧着，看我来对付这个狂妄之徒。但他表面上对是勋仍然毕恭毕敬，拱手答道：“司直非法官也，或不熟律令，确有其法。”
是勋一撇嘴：“未知为律耶？为令耶？为科耶？为比耶？”
赵达恍然大悟——原来你在这儿等着我哪！
汉代的法律，共分为四种类型：其一为“律”，即由政府制定、皇帝颁布的具有长期性、普适性的法规；其二为“令”，即由皇帝临时颁布的政令，其效力等同于甚至高于律，但缺乏长期性和普适性；第三是科，又称“事条”或“科条”，是指律以外关于规定犯罪与刑罚的一种单行禁条；最后为“比”，即当某事并无明确法令约束的时候，对照近似的案例加以审断——有点儿类似于英美法系的“判例法”。
不得向胡人输出铁器，这是尽人皆知的事情，但其来源，知道的人便不多了。赵达心说原来如此，你大概以为此为“令”也，而非“律”也，故此可以在时效性方面打马虎眼。因为这规矩是前汉时候就颁行的，后汉就赵达所知，并无再下诏令重申，所以是勋就可以说啦：“前汉之令，如何还能适用于本朝耶？”
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