第二十六章、君权相权
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“大王为君,而勋为臣,臣之谏君,当为国事,而不可为身谋也。此例若开,众皆以身要君,必将流害无穷。即如段思阙,所言若似为国,故臣等皆请辞也,免伤大王之明。然若为私,以要直名,则臣等虽退,大王亦不当重用之。”
你要搞清楚段瑕他的真实用意究竟为何。倘若他确实是一心为国,即便说话跟放屁一样,肆意宣扬封建迷信,咱也得忍着他;倘若他别有用心,只为博取自家的名声,那这人就不能要啦,你可千万千万不能重用他。否则人人起而仿效,都玩这一套,则君主的权威何存?你可不知道,一千多年后就有那么一群士大夫,惯常沽名钓誉,以劾状做武器,把廷杖当光荣。结果搞得整个国家乌烟瘴气的,最终亡于流寇和鞑虏之手……
其实以直邀名,把诤谏当做终南捷径,非独明朝为然,汉季也已经有了类似的苗头。是勋相信曹操必然瞧在眼中,自然不能不有所警醒。所以他就利用这个机会,旁敲侧击地暗中给了段瑕一拳小样儿,得罪了老子还想全身而退?世上哪里有这么美好的事情?
曹操垂下头去,似乎在仔细思索,良久才微微颔首:“宏辅所言是也。”心中却道:“若非段瑕乃受孤的唆使。不待卿言,孤亦必不轻饶……”
其实段思阙虽然是个大喷子,却也不傻,没可能当堂喷尽群相。他最初是通过陈群给曹操上的密奏,指出去岁即有日食示警。并且自己才刚测算出来,今年十月恐怕又将有食,请君主提高警惕。于是曹操秘密地召见段瑕就连校事都给瞒过了暗示道:天象示警,究竟是孤的失德呢,还是宰相的无能所致?
是勋等人为曹操所创建的魏国制度,相对汉制来说部门职能更为清晰,并且压缩内廷权力,政归外朝。恢复了汉初相权对君权的制约。曹操一开始就纸面上看起来,觉得这制度挺不错的,可是真等开始运作。就多少感觉有点儿束手缚脚啦。
其实即便汉武帝设内廷以制衡外朝,光武帝虚三公而实君权,都没能彻底把相权给打萎喽,宰相依然拥有相当大的权力,可以一定程度上制约君权。甚至从某种意义上来说,皇帝不管事儿。国家照常运转,宰相若是无权。光靠皇帝是无法使得政令畅通的。对此,一登基就做傀儡的汉献帝可能感受不深。此前两代桓、灵可是有着深切体会,即便按住了擅权的外戚集团,即便扶持宦官集团来加以制约,天子亦不能肆意妄为也。
曹操起初并没有这种感受。他自起兵以来,一直到升任司空、丞相,开府建牙,说白了都只是一个临时性的军政府,中间一个曹操,身周围着大群参谋、重将,只有中下级官吏才真正分曹理事,一个萝卜一个坑儿,职责明确。所以曹操在集团中一言九鼎,无论制度上还是实质上,都没有谁能够制约于他。
可是成为魏公,肇建魏国以后,就不对了,实质上貌似毫无改变,仍然大权在握,但在制度上却已经给君主绑上了层层枷锁。三台各有统属,非大事不禀君王,而可自为,逢有大事才上呈曹操决断可是何为小事,何为大事?不还是由三台六相说了算吗?
倘若汉天子在此,或许会觉得:这不是很正常的事情吗?曹操就理智上也感觉,这样才象一个真正的国家构架,而不是草台班子嘛,但情感上却多少有点儿别扭。他不好破坏这一制度,终究那是要为万事法,传诸子孙的呀,那么若想扭转这一局面,就只好祭出强权天子惯常使用的法宝来了。
是什么法宝呢?就如同当年汉武帝排斥传统军功贵族,而以毫无根底的公孙弘为相一般,在不破坏原有制度的前提下,尽量换几个威望较低,难以服众的宰相上台,如此则这些宰相若想固位,就只有依附君主,逢迎君主了,君权自可全面压倒相权。
如今六名宰相,毛孝先、凉伯方名声较弱,王景兴擅长逢迎,刘子阳歉抑谨慎,但打头的是宏辅、荀公达却负天下之望,不是自己可以随便搓圆捏方的人物啊。你别瞧是勋和荀攸貌似比较油滑,从来也没有跟曹操直眉瞪眼过(还不如毛玠刚直),那只是说明他们比较会做人,比较会做官而已,真赶上大是大非的问题,那是决然不肯让步的此二相若是只知道跟着曹操的指挥棒转,那他们名望必堕,恐怕再难以领袖群臣啦。而另一方面,曹操倘若事事跟这二位拧着干,他本身的声望也要受到影响。所以最简便的解决方法,就是找个机会暂时撤了这二位,换人来做。
此前因为壶口山的胡乱,是勋接到手大票弹章,被迫请辞,其实那时候曹操就动过换马之心,只是碍于情面,尚且犹豫。这回段瑕妄言天意,倒是给了他一个大好机会,可以明正言顺地逼迫宰相们集体辞职。当然啦,按照惯例,也为了掩盖自己的真心,即便宰相们递上了辞表,曹操也不可能当即准奏,而必须装模作样地下诏慰留。一般情况下,三辞三留,宰相们便可趁机收篷,所以曹操才不肯下第三道慰留诏书,而要先把态度最坚决的是勋叫过来,探探他的口风
你是真打算辞职啊,还是仅仅做个姿态啊?
如今得闻是勋所言,那是铁了心要滚蛋啦,曹操虽则窃喜,也多少有些惭愧:宏辅实心相待,我却如此对他,实有愧也。随即听到是勋暗刺了段瑕一枪,曹操不禁心中叫好:这样才对嘛,大不了我牺牲段思阙,以为赔罪罢了!
ps:一个好消息:因为孩子岁数实在太小,所以经过慎重的考虑过后,我们决定暂缓手术,先保守治疗所以下周应该能够保持日更。同时还有一个坏消息:我卡文了……
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