第十七章、立长立贤
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周不疑凑过头来瞧，只见那地方写着：“臣长子昂，故妻丁氏子也，忠诚勤俭，孝悌礼贤……”
周不疑说魏王的思路很缜密啊，直奏天子的表章上，不说曹昂是侧室刘氏所生，却说乃正室“丁氏子”，这是为了同时确定曹昂的嫡长子地位。如此一来，他这个王世子的宝座便稳固啦，曹丕等乃无可觊觎也。
关靖摇一摇头：“元直误矣。嫡长又若何？昔高皇帝欲废嫡长而立庶幼，况今魏王膝下，已有四嫡子乎？”
周不疑道我刚才就想说来着，这两桩事儿还真不好类比“国初之时，才用儒生，政重黄老，嫡庶长幼之别乃谬乱矣。吕氏乱政，孝文皇帝以外藩而继大统且不论，孝武皇帝为孝景皇帝中子，孝昭皇帝为孝武皇帝幼子，皆此类耳。其后孝宣皇帝、孝元皇帝、孝成皇帝，俱嫡长相继，旧礼复用，直至于今。废长立幼，悖于礼法，袁绍、刘表但有其心即败，岂非贾文和所言之真意乎？”
是勋笑道：“元直愈发误矣。自世祖东迁以来，经学大盛，儒礼恢复，然而孝明皇帝为世祖第四子，孝章皇帝为孝明皇帝第五子，孝和皇帝为孝章皇帝第四子，孝殇皇帝亦孝和皇帝少子也……立幼蔚然成风，其嫡长何在耶？”
周不疑不禁瞠目结舌，莫以为对。
他刚才确实想左了，荀攸拿刘邦举例，他就光想着西汉朝诸帝，在儒学大兴之前是往往有悖礼法，乱立庶幼的，而儒学大兴以后，宣帝传元帝，元帝传成帝，那都是嫡长幼年即为太子，成年后顺利登基，毫乱。所以国家才能太平安康不是吗？其后成帝无子，哀帝以外藩内承大统，属于特殊问题特殊分析，咱就不必要再罗列下去了吧。
然而是勋一句话就把他给打瘪了东汉朝前有“明章之治”，其后一直到桓、灵，都还勉强可以说太平无事，而且东汉之尊儒又远远超过西汉，可是光武以下，明、章、和、殇，等等，全都不是嫡长，你这又该怎么论呢？
当然啦，立太子不以嫡长，其中缘故很多，比方说先废旧太子，再立新太子（废的目的不是为了立），再比如说皇后并无嫡出……可是没有嫡长，总有庶长吧，动不动把老四、老五的扶上位，又是在搞些什么？
于是是勋教导周不疑：“元直以为有嫡立嫡，无嫡立长，斯乃儒礼，非也。此周礼也，世所用之，即高皇帝起自草莽，鄙儒者而践儒巾，亦且知也，乃不敢遽立赵王如意。儒者则以为天子统驭四方，立长不如立贤，背礼之事，因斯出也。”
周朝传下来的士人之礼，就光说有嫡立嫡长，无嫡立庶长了，这习惯已然深入人心，就连小老百姓出身的刘邦都懂。可是儒家却往往认为天子肩负重任，不可付以痴愚，所以“立贤”更重要，反倒从某种意义上来说，破坏了传统的礼法可是哪个儿子为贤？那还不是凭着老爹自由心证嘛。
周不疑就问啦，那老师您认为究竟以立嫡长为是，还是以立贤为是呢？太子该由怎样的人来当？
是勋左右瞧瞧，屋里只有自己跟关靖、周不疑三人，乃可放胆直言，所以他就压低声音说道：“吾以为，不必嫡长，亦不必贤也，要在有德。”
周不疑问贤和德有区别吗？是勋说有“说文云：‘贤，多才也。’左上为臣，右上为手，而下为贝，乃知能以手攫贝，且不失正道者，为贤也。德者但见其心，贤者并见其才。然商纣岂无才耶？胡亥岂无才耶？为其无德，则国乃亡。”其实是勋的真实用意是，只要官僚体制完善了，皇帝垂拱而治就行了吧，真要是专断独裁，知识越多越反动当然是就太平盛世而言的。
周不疑点一点头，随即说道：“吾以为诸公子德不可鉴也，而长公子之德，众目所睹，以是立长公子为是。”
关靖笑笑说，问题立谁当魏王世子，进而为将来的魏帝太子，不是你说了算的，得曹操说了算啊哪个儿子更贤明，或者更有德，最终也得曹操说了算。曹操这是已经埋下了伏笔，甚至可以说埋下了隐患，说不定将来某一天，便可废曹昂而立丕、植等也！
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