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第二十六章、梳理屯田

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无疑,这种集体劳动是缺乏积极性的,因为种好种坏,结果相同,既饿不死,也留不下多少私人财产来。但对于乱世中的流亡之民来说,能够吃上一口稀饭,苟延得生,那就于愿已足啦,况且公家虽然拿走了收获的大头,却不再有田主、豪强、官府的层层盘剥,对于底层民众而言,生计反倒要好了许多。

军屯和民屯的区别,仅在于前者以训练为主,耕种为辅,后者以耕种为主,训练为辅。前者是正规军临时种田,后者是主业种田的民兵。

天子还是一镇诸侯的时候,便在兖、徐等州大兴屯田,设典农都尉、典农校尉、典农中郎将等职,秩比郡县长吏,相当于在地方上新划出大大小小不等的军管区来。随着势力的膨胀,屯田制遂风行中原各地,到如今朝廷税收的近四成全都来自于屯田。

去岁户部侍郎温恢温曼基上奏,以中原初定,希望逐步废除屯田制。把土地分给农人。使之成为真正意义上的国家编户之民。天子下旨使群臣共议此事。文吏多从温恢之议,武将却大多反对废除屯田。

因为三台十二部制初设的时候,为着屯田得粮大多军用,所以直接把这套机构给划在了兵部辖下,设屯田司主管。理论上,国家财政归度部统筹,兵部要用钱粮也得先拟计划,再向度部打报告。然而兵部既然揽下了屯田这一大笔财源,那就可以彻底抛开别的部门,而自行其事啦。

所以兵部揽屯田之收,度部恨得牙痒痒,管屯田之民,户部也深感不满,文吏们抱成团要废此“恶政”……啊不,过时之政。可是兵部坚决不肯撒手,武将们更是对此建议相当厌恶这天下还没大定呢,仗还没打完呢。你们就打算卸磨杀驴了吗?

辅国曹子廉干脆提出,屯田乃天底下第一善政。且追效周代井田之制,不但不能废,还必须大力弘扬。你瞧把老百姓全都圈起来,以兵法部勒,既方便管理,又不容易出乱子,可有多省心,多踏实啊。咱们干脆把全天下的土地除去公卿百官私有外,全都收归官有,把老百姓都变成屯田民算啦!

此言一出,连天子都受不了了,当场呵斥他:“子廉不识民事,毋得妄言!”

当诸葛亮对马钧说到这件事的时候,也不禁笑出声来:“是真无知识者也。然尚知公卿百官之田不可收国也曹辅国坐拥良田数千顷,为国戚之冠,若言收其田,恐彼先抽刀相向矣。”

他就是来搅局的,没真想在全国范围内普及屯田制,否则干嘛不说把自家的田产先献出来充作官田呢?

经过长久讨论,最终的结果是基本认同温恢所奏,在中原地区逐步废除民屯,但部分地区,尤其是边境地区的军屯则绝不可废。旨意既下,然后就是度部、户部跟兵部的艰难谈判了,几乎是一户人、一顷田都要讨价还价。兵部抱怨说蜀贼觊觎在侧,军费尚无着落,你们要废屯田,行啊,只要按我们的狮子大开口拨给钱粮就成。度部、户部当然不能做这种冤大头啦,而且朝廷府库本来就不充盈,要我把税收大部都归了军事,那民政上的开销从哪儿来?

总之,民屯是在逐步废除中,但在可预见的未来,官田化为私田,屯田民化为编户,速度慢到令人发指。诸葛亮本人虽掌兵事,其实也算文吏,而且从国家利益来考量,也是主张废除屯田制的,认为花三五年时间逐步转化民屯,这速度也可以接受……只是不在其位,不谋其政,这摊事儿不归他管,他也不便过多插嘴。

在详细向马钧介绍了屯田制度之后,诸葛亮就说啦,你的新工作,就是要离开都城洛阳,前往各地去考察、梳理屯田,最重要的是“料民所需,试造器械,使力倍之。”

把你损益连弩、研发武器的才能运用到生产方面去,争取使得同样的土地,可以获得更多的产出。因为不管怎么说,废除屯田乃大势所趋,也就是说军费将会逐步收缩,我们必须提高单位产量,才能保证不必仰别部的鼻息。而且农业机械不仅仅屯田可用,编户百姓也是用得上的,先在屯田上做试验,效果若好,即可推广到全国各地,对于国计民生,这都是大功一件啊。

马钧在读完《物理初言》之后,倒确实想在农业生产方面搞一些新发明出来,但他的本意只是自己闭门造车,可没想着要外派出差啊……出差就必须与更多人接触,绝大多数是陌生人,还有一些心怀叵测之徒,就自己这张嘴,一想起来就让人肝儿颤哪……

但是诸葛亮说了:“吾师有云:‘读千卷书,不如行万里路。’况不在垄亩,如何知稼穑之所需?德衡勉之,毋失我望也!”

第二十六章、梳理屯田:

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