第二节 声名鹊起(04)
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“那是民风已变。”
“圣人是生而知之者,与民风何干?”石越反问道,“不过这民风已变,也不算说错。须知当三王五帝之时,民无阶级之别,普通的百姓可以直接和天子说话,若有小人为恶,则百姓一可以在华表上直书,曝其罪恶,二可以直接告诉天子。天子耳目张明,如何不圣?天下人都可以直言朝政得失,小人便是欺得一时,欺得一人,如何可以长久欺瞒天下人之耳目?故此三王五帝之时,朝中便有小人也不能立足,天子由是成其圣人。”
“……其后阶级之分遂起,民意与天子隔绝。今世虽有登闻鼓院,然而以民告官,便是坐实,民亦须受罚,故虽有小人在朝,天下百姓便知之,不敢告之天子矣。诸君试看那登闻鼓院,百姓若不是走投无路,又有谁敢去敲那个鼓?这等设置,原本是百官中的奸诈之人,欲借以欺君而想出来的隔绝天子与庶民的办法,后世却因之不疑,反而在那里妄求什么三代之治,岂非缘木求鱼?天下之奸弊事情,都是欺上不瞒下的,若天子能通达民意,小人便不能居于朝,三代之治可垂拱而得。”
石越这一番话说得众人耸然动容,这种议论和观点,他们可是从来没有听说过,心里无不把这话细嚼慢咽。却听到一个人鼓掌笑道:“好一番议论,真是闻所未闻,却又深明事理。不知是哪一位贤者在此?”声音却是从屏风那边传来的,石越只顾得高谈阔论,完全没有想到这所谓的雅座,其实不过就是隔一座屏风,完全没什么隔声的效果。
当下便应道:“贤者二字,愧不敢当,只怕有辱阁下清听了。”
正说话间,那个人早已走了过来,却是个三十多岁的男子,一张国字脸,神情俊朗,又有一种飘逸的气质。他看到石越等人都不过是二十多头的样子,很明显的吃了一惊,深施一礼问道:“却不知刚才那位子明公是哪位?在下苏轼,冒昧打扰贤者,还望恕罪。”
石越等人听他自报名号,也齐齐吃了一惊,全部站了起来。须知苏轼文名早已传遍天下,这些士子哪有不知道的呢?石越这是第一次见到历史上有名的人物,更有几分莫名的兴奋,连忙抱拳说道:“在下石越石子明,足下就是直史馆苏轼苏父母?”因为此时苏轼正是开封府推官,所以石越叫他“苏父母”,但当面直呼其名,却是有点不敬的,好在苏轼并不在意。
而苏轼万万想不到刚才那清奇的议论竟然出自一个二十岁出头的年青人口中,而且此人还自称石越,当下细细端详石越,见他长得白皙修长,仪表堂堂,眉宇间有一种说不清的气质,心里便又多了几分好感,当下笑道:“如假包换,正是苏某。石公子想必就是最近以词名蜚声京师的石九变了。”
石越苦笑道:“正是在下,雕虫小技,不足以有扰清听。”
众人见苏轼为人很随和,便一一上来见礼,又让了上座与苏轼相坐。这六人当中,除开石越和李敦敏,其余的都可以说是四川人,桑充国也是在四川长大的,因苏轼是家乡前辈,自然显得格外亲近。苏轼听到这些人自报家门,多是本乡的后生,更是开心。他笑道:“刚才听石公子一席话,真是发千古之覆。让人佩服不已。某不才,请问石公子,孔子说,未好犯上,而好作乱者,未之有也。所以君子务本,让是庶民百姓无所顾忌的告发官长,岂非伦常大乱,这和武则天之世又有何区别?”
苏轼毕竟是个有学问的,不是几句话就可以唬住。石越说让百姓都可以批评朝政,他就拿出武则天让天下人告密的例子来驳难。石越笑道:“五伦之中,闻有君臣之义,未闻有官长与黎庶之别。昔三代之时,天子置百官,并非是用来奴役百姓,为百姓之长官,而是设来帮助百姓,让百姓各得其所。因为世有恶人,才不得不假百官以威仪,实则百官与百姓,又何曾有上下之别?后世因循,则谓士大夫高高在上,其实则离古之圣人之意远矣。至于武则天之法,未足称上古之遗意也。一则武氏得天下不正,以女主临朝,其使百姓告发长官勿问,不过是为了钳制士大夫之口,其本意与古圣之意相差甚远,岂可因此而有大治?二则三代之时,民少官少,政简事易,后人若欲复先王良法,当先求其意,而不当拘泥其形。上古之时,王不过百里之地,今之天下,括有四海,岂可一概而论?若以在下之愚见,今世若欲求大治,则当在各县聚士绅乡老,设置议会,专事讨论县官施政得失,为人贤愚不肖,而不受县官刑责。其有建议之处,则可以请县官依法施行,县官若有失职处,亦可随时弹劾,请朝廷另委贤能。士绅乡老于县中利弊深知,则县官不敢任意枉为。依是法,由县之议会推举名士组成府之议会,监察知府施政得失,又由府之议会荐人于各路,监察转运使之得失,由各路之议会荐人于朝廷,监察宰相中书之得失优劣。如是皇上自可以垂拱而得三代之治。试问在这个制度之下,有谁敢擅权?有何等小人可以久处要职欺瞒天下人之耳目?若论犯上作乱,更不可能矣,为何,天下人通过议会层层监督,便是才智才人之辈,亦无法施阴谋于其间矣。此不过略言其大意,又更有若干措施处置其中,使其法能尽得三代之意而能略少情弊。”
这一番议论更胜于前,借三代之治而设计出现代议会制度的雏形来。便是苏轼学问再好,对于这种方法也是闻所未闻。石越又补充道:“这种方法又有一个好处,便是可以不至于让制度更张太大。各县置办议会,只需朝廷一纸诏书,保证士绅乡老议论之权力。更不需要增加半个官员,也无需发给士绅们月俸。士绅们通过这种方法,可以维护乡里的利益,把自己的命运和皇上联为一体,帮助皇上监督官员;而皇上则可以得天下民心,而无须加俸,无须置官,无须变法,便可以多出千百万计的监察御史。举国上下同心协力,国家焉能不大治?”
苏轼是个谨慎之人,虽然听石越说得条条是道,一时也想不出什么可以驳斥的,但却不愿意就此附从,只赞道:“石公子真是天下奇才。”
李敦敏在一旁说道:“如果说天下奇才,石子明是当之无愧的。待《论语正义》付梓,再请苏大人一观,当知学生所言不虚。”他最佩服石越了,找个机会就要帮他吹吹。
“《论语正义》?方才就听到这个名字,还要请教?”苏轼今天是被这几个年轻人弄得眼花缭乱,开始是好一番议论,全是发前人所未发,而又显得非常有道理。正欲回家去细细思考一番,此时却又提出了一本《论语正义》。刚才在屏风那边早就听说过了,只是他根本想不到这几个年轻人能有这种能耐。
石越笑道:“在下不自量力之作,原不敢在苏大人面前现丑。此刻正在印书坊交雕版印刷,若是刊发,自当送到大人府上,请大人请教。”
本来苏轼早就听说过最近出现在的汴京的一个才子,叫石越,虽然也挺喜欢他的词,但也不过是以为仅此而已,年轻人才情出众,也是正常的。自己本身就是一个才子。但刚才听到他的这一番议论,其见解才识,实在是深不可测,已经很难用“才气”二字来衡量了。此时既然他的同伴敢于说《论语正义》这本书,必定有其过人之处,苏轼是一点也不敢小看这个二十岁出头的年轻人了。
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