11 督邮属吏
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督邮院在太守府内,分为两个小院,一个是北部督邮院,一个是南部督邮院。和郡中的其它诸曹相比,督邮院的属吏不多。因为督邮常要巡行部内诸县,院内也经常冷冷清清。荀贞到时,南部督邮院内就没有一人,院门紧锁,料来南部督邮应是行县去了。
荀贞来入北部督邮院中,出示了除书、遣书,院内的佐史小吏们慌忙聚集堂上,伏拜觐见。荀贞数了数人头,共有七八个小吏,叫他们起来,和颜悦色地一一问过姓名,说道:“我今初任督邮,不知惯例故事,以后若有事体,还需尔等多多协助。”
他这话虽很客气,诸小吏却不敢有半点轻视於他。荀氏乳虎的大名早已传遍郡中。在繁阳亭任上,夜救邻亭;任西乡有秩不足一月,就灭了第三氏一族。这样的“杀星”,谁敢轻视?虽都奇怪他怎么在除书下后二十多天才来就任,但满堂小吏没一个敢开口询问的。
督邮的工作主要是行县,是在地方,在郡府里的时候是很清闲的,没什么事儿可做。荀贞不太喜欢一群人围着他转,因此在见过了诸小吏后,即叫他们把此前历任督邮所留下的公文案牍搬来,堆积榻边,随后便打他们各回“便坐”,一人独坐堂上,翻览观看。
他重点看的是前任北部督邮费畅留下的那些文案。数目不多,十来卷竹简。
其中,有奉太守之命,下县中查案的;有受刺史调用,察郡北诸县令长善恶的;有督查各地邮置,审核账目的;又有追案盗贼的;又有录送囚徒的;又有为郡府催租的。——督邮之本职是监察部内诸县及管理本部邮置,但因其常年在外,职在督查属县,所以其部属范围内的有关事宜,如追案盗贼、录送囚徒、催租点兵、捕系罪犯等等此类,均也可奉诏处置。
荀贞观览了一遍,见牍上记载的多是鸡毛蒜皮的小事,心知这必是费畅怠於公务的缘由。
他想道:“若只观文牍,郡北九县可称太平盛世。”由此想起一事,抬眼瞧了瞧堂外,心道,“费畅任督邮多年,院内的诸多小吏也不知是否已都和他同流合污?等过几天再行县的时候,我且再细细察看。”
官吏上值的时间有严格规定,不得迟到,更不能无故不到,下班的时间并无明确规定,督邮院内又清闲,荀贞待到下午就提前走了。他打算趁着这几天无事,再去访一访戏志才。临出院,他交代小吏:“前北部督邮费畅在时,减免了部分西乡给西乡邮置的月用,对么?”
“是。”
“费君与我同县,我来任督邮前,又也在西乡为有秩蔷夫,萧规曹随,对西乡的减免一如费君在时罢。”
“这,西乡在郡南,该归南部督邮管。”
“我知道,我自会与他说的。……,给你们先说一下,只是怕我到时忘了,等南部督邮归来,你们记得提醒我一下。”
“诺。”
诸小吏恭送他出院。待他走远,聚在一处,窃窃私语:“荀君被郡人称为乳虎,本以为是个凶神恶煞般的人物,不料却这般温和平易。今日观其举止言语,先是说‘惯例故事’,方才又说‘萧规曹随’,把前督邮比作萧何,把他自己比作了曹参,看似是不打算改前督邮之制了?”
——
1,国朝制度,计吏有干才者,诏拜为郎。
“(汉和帝)永兴十四年:‘复郡国上计补郎官’。……既云复,则本有拜计吏之制”。
汉桓帝时,因为留拜为郎的计吏太多,经杨秉的谏言,此制曾一度遭到停废。“自此终桓帝世,计吏无复留拜者”。严耕望先生认为:“文曰:‘终桓帝世’,则灵帝世或又复旧制矣”。
2,郎官。
春秋时已有郎官,称为郎中。“郎”为“廊”之省文,“廊中”,指君主所居的宫殿廊庑中,本为君主私官,职在宿卫。
汉武帝为了加强君权,设内外朝,以一部分郎官为基干组成了内朝,又以一部分郎官给事外朝公卿。郎官由此分为两类。又至西汉末年,内外朝制度已臻完备,郎官给事已无必要,於是,给事内朝的郎官乃**为官,转化为内朝常设官职,如尚书郎、黄门侍郎、侍中等,给事外朝的郎官则向外朝官转化,亦成为外朝卿属的常置官属,如治礼郎、望郎,从事郎中等。
再到东汉,光武帝又对郎官进行了精简改组,把西汉的郎官改组为七署,即三署郎、虎贲郎、羽林三郎。三署郎由五官、左、右中郎将分别统带,虎贲郎由虎贲中郎将统带,羽林三郎则是由羽林中郎将统带的羽林郎和羽林左、右监分别统带的羽林左右骑。
其中,虎贲、羽林专掌宿卫,前者陛戟殿中,后者出充车骑,羽林郎还常以禁军的身份参与征伐。三署则是后备官员的训练储备之所,“进三署为郎是大多数高级官吏的必经之路”。
三署郎因是后备官员,没有固定的职掌,以散给事为职,若被补为吏,通常在三百石至六百石间,在朝可为尚书郎、谒者、侍御史、卿属官吏、列将军和公府的椽等,不过更多的是出为县令长、侯国相、郡国的丞和长吏。(羽林郎也能出为吏,但通常只是三百石的丞、尉。)
三署郎的来源:察举选郎、博士弟子射策甲科选郎、荫任选郎、服阙还拜郎官。
四类之中,察举选郎占多数,又分为:岁举孝廉选郎,诏举对策选郎,计吏选郎。此三种又可分为孝廉郎、诏拜郎。当时的舆论重视孝廉郎,轻视诏拜郎。汉乐府:“大子二千石,中子孝廉郎,小子无官职,衣冠仕洛阳”。有子为孝廉郎,是家门的荣光。大多数的时候,孝廉郎补为吏的机会也更多。这是因为孝廉郎是由地方选举上来的,而诏拜郎是被皇帝诏书任除的,官僚集团出於自身的利益自然要抑制皇权。不过到了东汉晚期,当权的外戚、宦官又为了自身的利益常借助皇权打压官僚集团,从而诏拜郎的出路却又往往好过了孝廉郎。
汉末群雄之中,曹操、袁绍、袁术、董卓、刘焉、公孙瓒、公孙度、陶谦、臧洪等都是郎官出身。
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