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43 为今之计

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荀攸反对,戏志才支持。他说道:“於形势而言,此事不能为。於清理而言,此事必须为!”

“此话怎讲?”

“君家,吾郡之望也,今郡南有事,焉可不救?急君所忧,此为忠;救人於厄,此为义。今若畏懦不救,则不忠不义,必为郡人笑。此其一。”

“其二呢?”

“君臣有定义,成败同之,府君若因郡南事而坐律法,贞之为郡兵曹椽,亦必受世人之讽。此其二。”

“还有其三么?”

“有。”

“愿闻之。”

“忠读史书,观古人行事,唯有能为人所不敢为者,方才能够得到世之竞慕。唯有周旋於死生之间者,方才能够成就卓特之行。是以古人言:非历险厄不足以成英雄,非经忧患不足以为豪杰。今贼兵纷乱,大丈夫建功扬名之时也。丈夫生於世,为取功名,何惜身!此其三!”

夜风掠过道旁的常青松柏,吹拂衣上,颇觉寒意。荀贞揽缰叹道:“知我者,志才也。”

……

两汉的世风是刚烈进取的,一方面,人们视急公好义、尚气轻生的人是节操之士,不吝给他们崇高的美誉,另一方面人们也不讳言功利,“久处卑贱之位,困苦之地,此非士之情也”。

大凡士子都有强烈的奋进取之精神,为了功名事业,可以舍弃性命不要。汉武帝时的名臣主父偃说:“丈夫生不五鼎食,死则五鼎烹”,固然是极端之言,可由此也可见当时之风尚。

戏志才出身寒门,怀抱经世干才,却因家贫、不是望族的缘故,多年不能出仕,直到前不久才凭借荀贞的推荐得到了一个郡职,他对功名的渴望远比世家名族出身的荀攸强烈。

因此,他才能慷慨豪烈地说出“丈夫生於世,为取功名,何惜身”这样的话。

当然,荀贞之所以说“知我者,志才也”,却也并非全是因为他这句话。戏志才所说的“其一”、“其二”这两点也是很重要的。荀氏是本郡望族,文太守不说还好,他已经把请荀贞南下、解救郡南百姓的话都说出来了,荀贞身为荀氏子弟、身为太守佐属,怎能拒绝?

於私、於公,他都不能拒绝。如果拒绝,那就真是不忠不义了。

这和先前在堂上议事时,郭图为顾及自己在郡中的名声而虽对韩亮固请文太守救援郡南不以为然,却也没有直斥其非是一个道理。

尽管明知救郡南很危险,但不管有什么样的客观理由,作为荀氏子弟,作为郡兵曹椽,都不能不去救。不敢去救,就会损害名誉。两汉之人,对名誉的重视远胜其它时代。名誉若有损,那真是生不如死。生,亦我所欲也,义,亦我所欲也,二者不可兼得,舍生而取义者也。

……

荀攸聪明达识,对这些道理也不是不知,只是他与荀贞从小相伴长大,与荀贞名为侄叔,实如兄弟,当然不愿眼睁睁看着荀贞自投险地。他这也是关心则乱。

听完戏志才的话,他叹了口气,说道:“舍生取义之理,吾亦知之。唉,只是此去太过凶险,胜算太小啊。”

“胜算虽小,却也不是全然没有胜算。”

荀贞问道:“志才,你以为我部若然南下,如何才能取胜?胜算却在何处啊?”

戏志才与荀攸并行於荀贞左右,皆落后了荀贞半个马头。他听了荀贞的询问,却先不回答,而是扭过脸,侧对荀攸笑道:“公达必已有定计,忠愿先闻之。”

“公达,你说来听听。”

荀攸埋怨荀贞归荀贞,但既然荀贞已经接下了文太守此令,只埋怨也没有用,早在堂上荀贞刚刚答应文太守时,他就开动脑筋,为此忖思了。经过这么长时间的考虑,他倒是确实想到了一个取胜的办法。

“为今之计,四字而已。”

“哪四个字?”

“里应外合。”

“里应外合?”

这四个字说得很是含糊,什么是“里”,什么又是“外”?但荀贞却听明白了他的意思,因为他也是这么想的。他转过头,又问戏志才:“志才,公达此计,你以为如何?”

戏志才大笑说道:“我和公达想到一块儿去了!贞之,今敌众我寡,吾军又尽是新编之卒,难以用堂堂之阵取胜,欲要破贼,非借外因不可。确如公达所言,为今之计,只此一策啊。”

——

1,两汉之人,对名誉的重视远胜其它时代。名誉若有损,那真是生不如死。

汉人有着极强烈的荣耻感,他们对名誉的重视表现在很多的方面,其中最激烈、最直接的一个方面就是:自杀。

“汉代历史上,数量众多的自杀者、波及社会各阶层的自杀行为以及层出不穷的自杀现象引人注目”。“汉代文献收录的自杀者82o余人,在这些自杀者中,……,引自杀的社会原因复杂多端”。其中,涉及到官员和士子的,绝大部分都是因为“自尊”或“孝忠”而自杀。

自尊、孝忠都和荣誉有关。士子自杀多是出於孝忠,官员自杀有为孝忠,更多是为了自尊。

“孝忠”不必多说,关於“自尊”,具体来说,自杀的人“每与政治活动的失败或下狱有关”,“自杀者在选择这种行为时大都表现出坦然的心态”。

为了维护自身的名誉和尊严,宁死也不入狱受辱。

如李广“年五十,终不能复对刀笔吏矣”,遂选择了自杀而死。又如蔡伦拒绝下狱受辱,遂“沐浴整衣冠”,然后自杀。又如周亚夫,吏捕周亚夫,“亚夫欲自杀,其夫人止之,以故得不死,遂入廷尉。因不食五日,呕血而死”。又如河东太守胜屠公与周阳由争权,“胜屠公当抵罪,义不受刑,自杀”。元帝时大臣萧望之受到陷害,被执金吾车骑“驰围其第”,萧望之於自杀,受到夫人的劝阻,他在犹豫中询问门生朱云,朱云鼓励他以大义为重,他遂仰天叹道:“吾尝备位将相,年逾六十矣,老入牢狱,苟求生活,不亦鄙乎?”遂饮鸩自杀。

“两汉时期,政府官员除自然死亡和因罪处死外,自杀者数目之多让后代惊诧不已”。“义不受刑”、“苟求生活,不亦鄙乎”?因为强烈的荣耻感,所以汉代的官员在获罪后常常主动选择自杀,以维护荣誉和自尊,“自杀现象成为汉代自尊人格的特殊表现”。

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