从朱俊看东汉寒士之入仕艰难及试论朱俊之军事才能
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朱俊的仕途之路可以说是很标准的一个东汉寒士的入仕之路。最新地址ltxsba.pw
汉以孝治天下,朱俊之出名正是因为孝,“以孝养致名”,由此得以出仕为县门下书佐。
县门下书佐虽是县令长的门下亲近吏,但还只是个低级吏员,像朱俊这样母为贩缯者,不是士族出身的“寒士”要想往上升迁仍是不易。
我国是农业大国,人口多,为让百姓能吃饱饭,重农轻商,两汉之世,先是商贾不能入仕,后是有市籍者不能入仕,汉之“七科谪”,七种被征去边疆戍卫的人,“吏有罪一,亡命二,赘婿三,贾人四,故有市籍五,父母有市籍六,大父母有籍七”,从贾人到第七其实都是商贾。朱俊家应是没有市籍的,但要想在仕途上有进一步地展,非得远远出常人不可,他就投时任本县县令长的“八厨”之一度尚之所好,盗母缯给郡人周规还债。他盗了母缯,家里失了产业,他母亲责骂他,他说:“小损当大益”。
“八厨”与“八俊”等都是当世名士,所以名为“厨”,是因为能“以财救人”。他的这个举动得到了度尚的“奇之”,就像他说的“小损当大益”,被度尚荐入郡朝。
入郡朝后,他开始只是“稍历郡职”,后来尹端来任太守,他被擢为郡主簿。从县门下书佐到郡主簿,这是一个极大的飞跃。他被尹端擢为郡主簿,他就是尹端的“故吏”了。两汉的中央集权不如后世,有先秦遗风,郡吏视郡守为君,郡府是一个小朝廷。
陈寔功归於郡守,过归於自己,由此得以扬名,被士子、长吏看重。公孙瓒为郡门下书佐,刘太守获罪,被配去日南,公孙瓒决定同去,乃先去北邙祭祖,说:“昔为人子,今为人臣,当诣日南。日南瘴气,或恐不还,与先人辞於此”,“时见者莫不歔欷”。他由是扬名。书中提及的文太守,黄巾乱后获罪诣廷尉,他以前提举过的一个人当时是某县的县令,政绩优异,闻讯后立刻辞官而去,追赶他坐的槛车一块儿去京师。这是当时的风气。当时就有人说,荀贞的族兄荀悦就说过,门生、故吏把他们的老师、举主看得比朝廷都重,因为私人的感情而放弃朝廷的公职,这是不对的,但是风俗如此,尽管被少数有识之士认为不对,朝野却都称赞这种行为。当尹端获罪时,朱俊做出了同样的行为,他“赢服间行,轻赍数百金到京师,赂主章吏”,使尹端免了弃市的死罪,输作左校。这样的下吏、臣子,作长吏的都喜欢,所以朱俊被后任太守举为孝廉。
两汉入仕是征辟,孝廉就相当於进士,有了孝廉的身份加上他此前为尹端的奔走,他以后的仕途就青云直上了。“再迁”,两次升迁后朱俊即主政一方,为“兰陵令”,当上了县令。令,是大县的长吏,六百石到一千石的品秩了。兰陵据传是楚大夫屈原命名的,荀子做过两任兰陵令。
这是朱俊做为一个“寒士”的艰辛入仕之途,他入仕很不容易,就他个人来说,他有眼光、敢下赌注、有决断,确实是一个少见的人杰,但他的领兵指挥才能却并不是特别出色。
就史实记载,他一生历经多次战事:梁龙之乱、黄巾之乱、董卓之乱。
在这几次乱中,他平定梁龙之乱是最顺利的,五千人逼降数万人,不过不能因此就说他有出众的将才。
黄巾之乱中,他与波才带领的颍川黄巾军战,大败。波才等黄巾军的将领是没有太多军事常识的,这从皇甫嵩用火攻将之击败就可看出,饶是如此,朱俊仍然战大败,这其中固有他兵少、所带之兵大部分是临时招募来的缘故,但亦可见他的军事才能并非太好。
再与南阳黄巾战,他围宛城百余日,从六月到八月,三个月不能攻下宛城,最后朝廷等不及了,决定换将,要治他的罪,他因之“急击”,斩了宛城黄巾军之主将。虽斩黄巾军的主将,仍未克宛城,黄巾军又择另一人为主将,继续守城。朱俊用计,黄巾军欲降。他说:“纳降无以劝善,讨之足以惩恶”,不接受黄巾军的投降,急攻,结果“连战不克”,最后又用计斩继任之黄巾主将,可是宛城仍未彻底夺下,不得不再攻之。
黄巾乱后,董卓之乱,朱俊击李傕、郭汜,“为傕、汜所破。俊自知不敌,留关下不敢复前”。董卓被诛后,朱俊时在中牟,徐州刺史陶谦、北海相孔融等欲以他为主,同讨李傕。李傕用贾诩等人之计征他入朝,他接受了李傕之征,对陶谦等说:“且傕、汜小竖,樊稠庸儿,无他远略,又势力相敌,变难必作。吾乘其间,大事可济”,接受了李傕之征,去了洛阳,陶谦等人遂罢。他对李傕、樊稠的分析很有道理,然而去了洛阳后却未能像他说的“吾乘其间,大事可济”,而是根本就没做成什么事儿,最后被李傕留为人质,愤怒之下,遂病卒。
由以上朱俊之经历可见,他是个有眼光、能下赌注、有决断、也有一定军事才能的人,是个人杰,但要说他是名将却就不一定了。
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