《大学》原为《礼记》第四十二篇。宋朝程颢、程颐兄弟把它从《礼记》中抽出，编次章句。朱熹将《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》合编注释，称为《四书》，从此《大学》成为儒家经典。至于《大学》的作者，程颢、程颐认为是“孔氏之遗言也”。朱熹把《大学》重新编排整理，分为“经”一章，“传”十章。认为，“经一章盖孔子之言，而曾子述之；其传十章，则曾子之意而门人记之也。”就是说，“经”是孔子的话，曾子记录下来；“传”是曾子解释“经”的话，由曾子的学生记录下来。
《大学》的版本主要有两个体系：一是经朱熹编排整理，划分为经、传的《大学章句》本；一是按原有次序排列的古本，即《礼记》中的《大学》原文。以朱熹《大学章句》本，流传最广、影响最大，本篇就是采用的《大学章句》本。
“大学”是对“小学”而言，是说它不是讲“详训诂，明句读”的“小学”，而是讲治国安邦的“大学”。“大学”是大人之学。
《大学》为“初学入德之门也”。经一章提出了明明德、亲民、止于至善三条纲领，又提出了格物、致知、诚意、正心、修身、齐家、治国、平天下八个条目。八个条目是实现三条纲领的途径。在八个条目中，修身是根本的一条，“自天子以至于庶人，壹是皆以修身为本”。十章分别解释明明德、新民、止于至善、本末、格物致知、诚意、正心、修身、齐家、治国平天下。明明德是指弘扬光明正大的品德。新民是指让人们革旧图新。止于至善是指要达到最好的境界。本末是指做事要分清主次，抓住根本。格物致知是指穷究事物的原理来获得知识。诚意就是“勿自欺”，不要“掩其不善而著其善”。正心就是端正自己的心思。修身就是加强自身修养，提高自身素质。齐家就是管理好自己的家庭、家族。治国平天下是谈治理国家的事。怎样治理国家呢?首先要作表率；自己讨厌的，不加给别人；要得众、慎得、生财、举贤。“得众则得国，失众则失国”；“有德此有人，有人此有土，有土此有财”；见贤能举，举而能先。
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