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第一百三十章 悠闲的战争岁月(二)

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滑柔鱼,头足纲,柔鱼科。更多小说ltxsba.com胴部圆锥形。眼眶外不具膜。漏斗陷前部的浅穴不具纵褶,也不具边囊,完全呈光滑状态。鳍角约为30°,两鳍相接略呈横菱形,肉鳍长度约为胴长的1/3.无柄腕长度一般为3?2?4?1,吸盘2行,角质环具一个大尖齿,周围有10余个斤半圆形齿。雄性右侧或左侧第四对腕茎化。触腕穗中部吸盘4行,中间大吸盘角质环具斤半圆形齿,顶部具8行小吸盘。内壳角质,狭条形。记录最大胴长0.35m,最大体重1kg。分布在大西洋西部的25°n-60°n-海域,以及大西洋海域的东北部。曾为西北大西洋极为重要的渔业资源,20世纪70年代末最高年产量曾达到18万吨。因资源发生衰退,2000年的产量已经不足1万吨。供鲜食,也可制干品[1]。

形态特征

滑柔鱼

滑柔鱼

胴体长30厘米左右。胴体背面有一条纵向的黑色带。鳍宽呈菱形。眼球裸露。触腕的大吸盘角质环具锐齿,腕的基部边缘平滑。

体圆锥形,后部明显瘦狭,胴长约为胴宽的5倍,外套肌肉强健,体表具大小相间的近圆形色素斑。漏斗陷浅穴不具纵褶,也不具边囊,完全呈光滑状态。两鳍相接略呈横菱形,鳍短,长度约为胴长的1/3,鳍宽大于鳍长,单鳍角40°-50°,多约为45°。触腕穗中部吸盘4列,中间大,边缘小,指部具8列小吸盘,腕骨部具2列小吸盘;中间大吸盘内角质环具斤半圆形齿。各腕长度略有差异,,腕式一般为3?2?4?1,吸盘2列。内角质环具1个大尖齿,周围有10余个斤半圆形齿。[2]

产地产期

分布在大西洋西部的25°-60°n海域以及大西洋海域的东北部,包括格陵兰岛、冰岛、纽芬兰岛、爱尔兰岛、新斯科舍半岛、百慕大群岛、巴哈马群岛各海域和墨西哥湾。冬天生的鱿鱼群从夏天至冬天快速成长,分布区域向南面扩展。其鱿鱼寿命约为1年。最盛期为7-9月。

生活习性

大洋性浅海种类,栖息水深表层至1000m,但随季节性变化。滑柔鱼进行较长距离的南北洄游。夏初,幼体随着温暖、高盐的湾流从南方深水区向北进行索饵洄游,在小型甲壳类非常丰富的锋区停留较长时期。性成熟以后。在北方水域交配,雌雄个体集群南下进行生殖洄游,许多雌体产卵,但雌雄的交配活动在南方水域并未终止。成体也有向近岸洄游的现象,但主要是为了索饵。在水平洄游中,因受到冷水团压迫的影响或追索食饵,滑柔鱼也进行从几百米深层至上层和从上层至几百米深层的垂直活动。[2]

幼体主要以无脊椎动物为食,其中磷虾类的比率最大,随着胴长的增长,鱼类食饵的比率逐渐增加。无脊椎动物食饵的比率逐渐减少。但柔鱼类在大个体胃含物中占有很大比率,这表明同类残食现象在成体中尤为明显。[2]

无须鳕,鳕科,无须鱈属,几种大型海产鱼的统称。由于头骨及肋骨的骨骼特点不同,有时被作为独立的科(无须鳕科)。体长,头大,牙大而尖。有背鳍二个,第二背鳍长,靠近中部有浅凹刻。臀鳍亦长且有凹刻。腹鳍前位。在胸鳍之前。为游速快的肉食性鱼类。

鳕科无须鱈属几种大型海产鱼的统称。由于头骨及肋骨的骨骼特点不同,有时被作为独立的科。体长,头大,牙大而尖。有背鳍二个。第二背鳍长,靠近中部有浅凹刻。臀鳍亦长且有凹刻。腹鳍前位,在胸鳍之前。为游速快的肉食性鱼类。肉质虽松软,但可食用。产于南北大西洋两侧及东太平洋和新西兰沿岸。种类有︰欧洲及地中海的无须鳕、美洲大西洋的双线无须鱈以及南非的开普无须鳕。在北美东部,hake一名也用以指几种与无须鱈近缘但属于长鳍鳕属的海产食用鱼。这些鱼的特点是腹鳍细长。腭部有一小须。这一属中有经济价值的种类有白长鳍鳕和红长鳍鳕。

竹荚鱼(makerel),日语称:あじ(アジ)也称马鲭鱼。广泛分布于我国沿海及朝鲜、日本沿海等水域。这种鱼为中上层洄游性鱼类,游泳迅速,喜欢结群聚集,有趋光特性。

竹荚鱼,鲈形目,鲈亚目鲹科鱼类。侧线全部被棱鳞

体粗壮微扁,呈纺锤形,一般体长20~40厘米、体重150~400克、头大、前端细尖似圆锥形,眼大位高,口大,上下颌等长,各具一行细牙,犁骨和跨骨有牙、体被细小圆鳞,体背呈青黑色或深蓝色,体两侧胸鳍水平线以上有不规则的深蓝色虫蚀纹、腹部白而略带黄色、背鳍2个相距较远,第一背鳍鳍棘9-10根,第二背鳍和臀鳍相对,其后方上下各有5个小鳍;尾鳍深叉形、基部两侧有两个隆起脊;胸鳍浅黑色,臀鳍浅粉红色,其他各鳍为淡黄色。

形态特征

背鳍1,8,1-3033;臀鳍2,1-2630;胸鳍2021;腹鳍i-5;尾鳍17。侧线上有稜鳞6871。体纺锤形,侧扁;体长为体高3.64.3倍,为头长3.84.2倍。头中等大。头长为吻长3.13.8倍,为眼径3.44.0倍。吻锥形。脂眼睑发达,前部达眼前缘,后部达瞳孔后缘稍前。口大,口裂倾斜。前颌骨能伸缩。上颌后端呈截形,达瞳孔前缘的下方。上下颌有一列细牙,犁骨牙群呈箭头形,腭骨及舌面中央均有细长形牙带。鳃孔大。鳃盖条7。鳃耙1316+3640。有假睱鳃。体被圆鳞。易脱落,头部除吻和眼间隔前部以外均被鳞,身体和都有鳞片。侧线自起点至第二背鳍始部下方,几呈直线状。以后斜度甚大,斜向下方,但至第二背鳍79鳍条下方起至尾基成为直线状。侧线上全被稜鳞,6871个。稜鳞高而强,在直线部连接呈一明显的隆起嵴。第一背鳍有一向前平卧棘与8鳍棘。棘间有膜相连。第二背鳍有l鳍棘,3033鳍条。臀鳍与第二背鳍同形,有1鳍棘,2630鳍条,其前方有2短棘。胸鳍镰刀形,腹鳍短,胸位。尾鳍叉形。幽门盲囊长条状,约十几个。脊椎骨10+14。背部青黄带绿色,腹部银色,鳃盖后上缘有一明显的黑色斑。各鳍草绿色。[1]

生活习性

为来回在海洋中层与海面间的一种洄游性鱼类,体态多呈流线型,体色则与其它表层鱼一样,上下颜色不同,背部为暗绿色,由上看与海水混淆不清,腹部是银白色,由海中往上看,和水面的反光同色,如此形成了逃避金枪鱼等大型回游性鱼类攻击的保护色。

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