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第十九章 吃低保的八旗

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钱鼎铭的这句话说出来,人人都知道是什么意思,不过既然要谈朝廷的财政,那么八旗就是绕不开的话题。龙腾小说ltxs520.com.只是抚台大人本身就是旗人,让大家都觉得不大好开口。

“八旗为国家根本,朝廷以钱粮将养,这也是该当的。”关卓凡见大家都不开口,微笑着说道,“只论数目,不及其余。”

意思是说,只谈现在是个什么情形,不去论制度的好坏。有了这句定调子的话,几个人都是心头一松,说起话来便自如得多了。

“八旗劲旅,以强半翊卫京师,以少半驻防天下,自我朝定鼎以来,便是这样的态势。”先开口的,仍然是钱鼎铭。至于劲旅云云,就都是口不对心,不得不这样说罢了。“旗兵人数,最高时二十七万,现在的数目,大约是在二十二万上下。”

清廷入京后,以整个八旗武装的一半略强驻守京师,称为京师八旗,以其余一半的兵力,呈扇形向全国各直省重要城市和水陆要隘梯级分布,称为驻防八旗。

这二十万兵,称为旗兵。按照清廷的制度,其他的满洲人口,则成为依附旗兵生存的附庸。

这个制度,非常奇怪。

首先是旗人不必交纳赋税。

其次是旗人除了当兵以外,禁止从事任何其他行当。于是旗兵之外的旗人,便成为“不士、不农、不工、不商”的寄生人口。

“朝廷的岁支,兵费占了大头,即使是承平时候,一年也要花去三千万两。”钱鼎铭小心翼翼地说道,“这里面,旗营大约要占去六成,一千八百万两的样子,其中单是兵饷马乾银,就要一千五百万。”

兵饷马乾银,大致是薪饷的意思,军火器械,都还不在其内。也就是说,现在朝廷每年要耗费一千五百万两银子,来养着这二十二万几乎完全失去了战斗力的旗兵,以及依附于他们生存的旗人。

所说的依附,是由那个制度决定的。起初朝廷从旗人里面选兵,是每户二丁挑一,称为“挑甲”,挑上的,即为披甲人,成为正式的旗兵,有一份钱粮。而这份钱粮,不是自己花,而是要用来养活其他的一个丁,因为按照朝廷的法例,另外那个丁,从此只能闲居家中,游手好闲,而不得从事生产。

到了后来,人口繁衍,二丁挑一执行不下去了,渐渐变作三丁挑一,四丁挑一,以至于七八个丁才能挑上一个兵。

这样一来,靠一个人的粮饷,往往要养活五六口甚至十几口人,普通旗民的困窘可想而知。这些旗人,未见得是天生就懒惰,其实本来是可以干活养家的,然而被朝廷的法例捆住了手脚,时曰一长,真的就从“不准干”变作“不会干”了。而旗兵要艹心家里的生计,又怎么有心思去好好训练打仗?上一回许庚身来,就曾给关卓凡讲过一个相关的故事。

那一次,是奉旨管神机营的醇王阅艹。有一名步军校迟到,按例要受到鞭打的处罚。执刑的护卫解开他的衣服,却发现一大堆小古董从他身上掉下来。

醇王大感奇怪:“你今天倒给我说个明白,这是怎么一回事?”

“王爷在上,”步军校哭着回答说,“家中有人十口,每月只有五两俸银,吃不饱饭,只好从古董店里领一些小古董到集市上贩卖,以养家口。今天早上正逢隆福寺庙会,所以上艹迟到了,求王爷开恩!”

一查问,确实是实情,结果二十下鞭子也不好意思打了,最后只好将他放了了事。

而论起生计的艰难,京师八旗的景况还算略强一点,驻防八旗之中,冻饿而死的旗民,每年都不在少数,以至于生出了“逃旗”这个原来没有过的现象——贫困不堪的旗民,宁肯放弃身份,逃去无踪,只为能自己求一条活路。

这些事,是关卓凡原来就知道的,心中颇有感慨。钱鼎铭却不晓得他的心思,已经报到了新的一处费用。

“除了正牌旗兵的兵饷马乾银之外,每年养育兵的钱粮,大约在三百万的样子。另外,抚恤旗下的孤寡这一项,也要开去上百万银子。“

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