第10章 治术（一）
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宋朝鞠谳不同司，司理参军专管审讯，别设司法司之下吏人检法条，司法参军依法条检法议刑，最后再由判官、推官拟判词，主官无疑义，由知州和通判通签联署，一件案子才算审讯完成。这就是司法程序公检法的源头，确实有极大的进步意义。当然赵祯说是祖宗巧思，就过于拔高了，实际上从魏晋到隋一直有进化演变，不过唐朝废弃，到宋终于形成了比较完善的制度。而宋之后，这一司法原则又被废弃，再出现已经忘记宋朝故事了。
古代断案，由父母官坐高堂，下面小民击鼓告状这种事情，可以出现在很多朝代，惟独不能出现在宋代。宋代的狱讼主要集中在州一级，下面县一级只能断小案，上面的路提刑只是复核。而州一级，分司比较完善，从程序上已经类似于徐平前世的公检法。
这种制度的形成与完善，是宋朝统治者比较得意的善政。徐平选择从这里开头，是让赵祯能够顺利接受自己的说辞。讲仁义，只是一种政理朝政的方法，并不涉及好与坏。
徐平捧笏：“天下之庶政，莫大于稼穑，臣请从稼穑讲起。”
赵祯道：“如今天下，耕者无尺寸之田，富者田连阡陌，而不力稼。天下之害，莫过于此。前些日子李觏、欧阳修诸人都上书要朝廷平土，议者以为难行，不了了之。你为宰相理朝政，若真能在这上面下些功夫，善莫大焉！”
徐平未置可否，在黑板上自己画的三个圈里分别填上赋税、租息、口粮种子，道：“田土所出，于力耕之农夫而言，无非如此三份。朝廷赋税是一份；口粮、种子是一份，这一份里面，还要加上备灾之用；租息之类是一份，这一份里以租息为主，并不只包括租息。”
赵祯看了一会，指着租息道：“耕者自食，不耕不稼者不得食，租息多余！”
“是啊，租息是多余。然天地初生，人杂于群兽之中，采野果草籽而食，猎鹿豖鱼鳖而补，昏昏然不知岁月。至以草为谷，驯豖犬以养之，圣人出焉。初耕田，无犁无铧，一夫纵血汗流尽，犹不能使全家免饥馁之苦。至有犁铧，除果腹之外，犹有多余，奉赋税而成邦国。至铁器大行，果腹之余，犹可备宰荒。牛耕与铁器并行，备荒之余，年年犹有剩余之粮米。兼田有沃土贫瘠之别，有人家余粮多，有人家难果腹，兼田而吃租之家出焉。”
赵祯睁大了眼睛，听罢过了好一会，才道：“此韩非、荀卿多论之，果有此事？”
徐平道：“自三代至如今，典籍俱在，有何可疑？非止韩非、荀卿，柳河东亦如此说。”
中国文明一个特殊的地方，就是虽然有神话时代，但神话时代不只有神话。人类怎么从原始社会走出来，到部落时代，到封建，到国家，记载是不曾中断的。从先秦诸子，到韩愈和柳宗完，对人类社会发展的描述就是如此。中国没有从猿到人的进化论，但却一直有从原始社会到文明社会的进化论，这一点跟世界的大多数地方不一样。
赵祯说租息多余，是因为对于政权来说，大多数朝代的主流意识就是这样认为的。政权代表了统治阶级的利益，却并不认为剥削是合理的，租息不应该存在，存在只是因为没有办法消灭而已。如果拿掉了租息这个不合理的财富分配，耕者自食备荒之余，全部上交朝廷，自然也就由朝廷负责耕者的一切。
换一种说法，这就是以农业为基础的社会主义社会。从王莽到王安石，很多改革措施里能找到社会主义的影子，或者叫作国家资本主义的影子，并不偶然。
来到这样的时代，特别是在汉朝和宋朝，跟统治者讲社会主义的道理，并不会被当成异类。如果你真能做到，最可能的是登高一呼，应者云集。就连最高统治者，都会为你撑腰。同样的，你讲资本主义，只要能够做到了，一样可以得到支持。关键不在你讲什么样的生产关系，而在于你能不能把生产力发展得适合这样的生产关系。
惟一的问题，是真地做不到，除非带着传送门，从另一个位面应有尽有的输入到这个世界源源不断的物资。徐平没有，那就只能立足于实际，进行阶级调和。
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