第33章 公事中没有我觉得
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政事堂,徐平与晏殊和章得象端坐,三位执政拱手行礼,分座议论朝政。
徐平道:“以后至午时,众宰执到政事堂集议,用茶点。若无难决之事,午后各自休务归家,诸位以为如何?此为常例,若有紧急大事,可以急召众人来政事堂。”
众人拱手:“谨依相公吩咐。”
晏殊道:“丰胜路范仲淹奏,西北事务繁多,在朝廷多有阻滞,甚是不便。他提出宰执中可否分出一人,专理西北事务。如此一来政令通畅,上下皆得其便。”
陈执中道:“我觉得,此议可行!”
徐平看了陈执中一眼,淡淡地道:“公事之中,没有我觉得!各路事务,自有中书门下诸衙门处置。依制度而上奏,合于道理则行,不合道理则格。现在事有阻滞,是各衙门道理未通。政,就是当政者要正,学而能改则正。我初居相位,道德未立,其理未通,衙门理事心中有惑,至有阻碍。接下来的日子,你们定个章程,凡在京待制以上官员,每过多少天,聚集学为政。道理不辨不明,大家边学边辨,心中无惑才好理政!”
众人没想到徐平穿上公服真是一点面子不给,心中一凛,一齐拱手听命。
徐平又道:“宰执对省事通治还是分治,自唐朝就有议论。虽然一直有人说众宰执分治省事为便,却终究不行,凡分治用不了多少时间必改回来。为何?”
“宰相当国,以什么当国?以贤当国还是以能当国?对道理似解未解,自觉君子当政该信而无疑者,就以为当政者必选贤君子,选贤君子后当用之不疑。此想法大误!宰执正位政事堂,非用其能也,用其贤也。理政当由各衙门依制度而行,宰执通其理。道理于政事中一以贯之,行于天下,去万民对朝廷政事之惑。一人其贤终有道理不通之处,是以数位宰执共处政事堂,查漏补缺,集众人之力而正宰相之位。朝廷理政之能,在中书门下诸衙门,非在宰执。若分治省事,是把中书分成几衙门,政事堂名存而实亡!”
宰相是干什么的?确切地说,宰相不是处理朝政的,而是对朝政把关的。行政制度中的这最后一道关卡,就是要把政权的治国之理,彻底地贯通于全部制度和施政中。把秦汉时的丞相制度,改成多人执政的宰执集团,并不是为了分相权,也不是为了互相牵制,而是天命已经不被人民认同,执政者再由一个人向天命负责,已经难解人民对政治的惑了。
丞相制时,天下有灾异,说明天对政权有意见,由宰相出来负责。或贬官罚俸,或者是直接换人,以应天变。在昭昭天命之下,如此做会获得治下之民的心理认同,有凝聚力。
一个国家的政权性质由什么来保证?靠着选举制互相牵制?其实那只是部落遗风,并不是什么先进的文化。现在北边的契丹还在行柴册礼,契丹皇帝是由世选制产生,凡有大事他们也是进行各世选诸侯的大集议。这是从部落直接进化到帝国的文明中,很多都会有的现象。徐平前世,很多人对政治不解其理,心中多有疑惑,至生心鬼,便请了洋人的制度来镇自己的心鬼。凡是洋人的制度中有的,便高呼为神,觉得不可战胜。从史书中看到契丹还存在着部落遗风,被心中的那尊洋神震慑,便就以为发现了什么惊天大秘密,高呼为什么大宋打不过契丹,人家契丹有着洋人那神一样的传统呢。
如果按照这样的道理,那岂不是文明永远打不过野蛮,大家返祖算了。
政治文明中,对政权有一套一以贯之的道理,合于这个道理的制度和施政,才能够施行下去。从开始选人才的第一步,便就开始贯穿这套道理,一直到最后的行政措施。通过长处累月的政治行为,这套道理与人心相呼应,最后形成牢不可破的群体文明。
这就是徐平所说的,公事中,没有我觉得。穿上公服为扮,按照道理定制度,定施政措施为演。在这个过程中,必须去除个人的想法,一切按照治国之理来进行。
范仲淹错把圣贤政治当成了君子个人修行,在思想意识上,确实还没有满足做宰相的要求。历史上他行庆历新政,就是让宰执分治省事,也就是一人管朝政的一块,以此提高行政效率。如此做看似很美好,却让政事堂名存实亡,失去最后把关的作用。政治中没有了一以贯之的治国之理,政治必然一片混乱,会迅速销蚀政权的合法性。
庆历新政失败,后人归于吕夷简等保守派的打压破坏,是在失去政治道理后,非要找忠臣奸臣。这个年代哪来的忠臣奸臣?个人操守或有不同,但只是各人正位或失职,非关忠臣奸臣的事。不明道理则惑,惑而不解疑心生暗鬼,把人的文明政治解成了鬼神世界。
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