憎恨罪,不憎恨人
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憎恨罪,不憎恨人
拉比本来应当是犹太人的道德典范,但偶尔也有身为拉比的人作奸犯科的。更多小说ltxs520.com以前纽约曾破获一起大走私案,结果查出一个拉比,他在牙膏中夹带钻石走私。
在其他民族中,“德高望重”之人做出这种勾当,一定会激起信徒们的“义愤填膺”,说不定会放火烧掉某所寺院。但犹太人对这类事件的反应却极为冷静,甚至可以说,十分冷漠。
因为他们本来就认为,恶是无处不在的。拉比也是人,身上同样也可以有恶的存在。
犹太人历来主张把罪恶本身与作恶犯罪之人加以区分。一方面,犹太人认为,罪恶是人与生俱来的。《塔木德》上写着:“从胎儿开始,罪就在人心里萌芽,然后跟着人的发育而增强。”这意味着“任何人都会犯罪”,“就好像有能力射中靶心却没有射中一样,罪恶常常是在无意中犯下的”。但另一方面,犹太人又坚定不移地相信,人能够通过自己的努力,主要是学习(倘若你被恶的冲动驱使的话,为了驱逐它,应该开始学点什么才好。),而去除罪恶,改邪归正。罪人一旦成为义人,同样可以得到神的赐福。
《圣经》中就有多处借耶和华上帝之口,劝说恶人“回头是岸”的训诫。
所以,犹太人对罪人、恶人的态度,总体上不是将作恶看作恶人的劣恨性所致,而是看作被罪恶玷污了的人的行为。这种污痕是可以擦拭或洗涤掉的。因此,犹太人与其说寄希望于恶人遭报应,毋宁说更寄希望于罪恶本身得到消除。
从前,有几位拉比碰上一群坏人,这些人属于那种非咬住人吸出骨髓不肯罢休的坏蛋,世上再也没有比他们更狡猾、更残忍的人了。其中有一个拉比忍无可忍,说道:“像这种人,还是让他们掉进水里去,全部溺死算了。”
可是,同在他们中的一个最伟大的拉比却说:
“不,身为犹太人不应该这么想。虽然一个人会认为这些人还是死了比较好,但不能祈祷这样的事发生。与其祈求坏人灭亡,不如祈求坏人悔改才对。”
《塔木德》的结论是,处罚坏人对我们没有什么益处,不能使他们悔改,不能使他们跟随我们走正途,那才是一种损失。
因此,犹太人对罪人没有那种“深恶痛绝”必欲置之死地的紧张、激烈情绪。相反,他们认为,犹太人犯了罪,仍然是犹太人,一旦改悔了,就不许再把他看作罪人。
努力弥补或回避自己的弱点
《塔木德》上说:“有善就有恶;有小麦,就容易滋生秕稗。”因此,犹太人对待缺点的态度是比较豁达的,他们认为,普通人或多或少都有一些缺陷。但就能因此而自卑吗?当然不能,犹太人主张,应该努力弥补或回避自己的弱点。
希腊大政治家狄摩西尼是一个声音极弱,吐字不清,而又呼吸急促的人,“r”这个字母尤其是他说不清楚的,而他发音也非常之坏。
传说他克服这些齿唇上的缺憾是这样做的:以石子含在嘴里练习,站在法利兰的海滨想将波浪喊平静,向山上跑时便背诵,练习一口气念好几行字,站在镜子之前演讲,以矫正自己的姿势。当他站起来对大众演讲时,他的失败不止一次。第一次尝试时,他的语句都混乱了,于是听众都放声大笑。并且我们还听说,他躲进一个地洞,每天在里面练习他的声音和演说的姿势,每次练习总是两个或三个月。他还将头发剃了半边,这样他可以使自己控制那种急于求成的想法。终于,狄摩西尼成为伟大的演说家。
富兰克林之所以成为伟大的人物,原因之一也是因为他承认在演说上的弱点。他说:“我是一个很坏的演讲家,从来不能以词动人,在用词方面常常要踌躇很久。还难得用词恰当,然而我还是能够表达我的意思的。”
他用别种方法使人归服于他,以补偿他演说上的弱点,他提出议案多半用间接和缓的方法,他发表的意见也是平和的,他还能承认自己的错处。他的弱点告诉了他一个很重要的教训,那便是:只用辩论绝对得不到胜利。假使他是一个会演讲的人,绝不会获得这个有价值的教训。
如果你决定要战胜一个困难,一个缺陷,首先要正确认识自己,然后你要能心甘情愿地、不断地干下去,以达到你的目的。
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