５ 大禹治水
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尧在位的时候，黄河流域发生了很大的水灾，庄稼被淹了，房子被毁了，老百姓只好往高处搬。龙腾小说ltxsba.com不少地方还有毒蛇猛兽，伤害人和牲口，叫人们过不了日子。
尧召开部落联盟会议，商量治水的问题。他征求四方部落首领的意见：派谁去治理洪水呢？首领们都推荐鲧（音gun）。
尧对鲧不大信任。首领们说：“现在没有比鲧更强的人才啦，你试一下吧！”尧才勉强同意。
鲧花了九年时间治水，没有把洪水制服。因为他只懂得水来土掩，造堤筑坝，结果洪水冲塌了堤坝，水灾反而闹得更凶了。
舜接替尧当部落联盟首领以后，亲自到治水的地方去考察。他发现鲧办事不力，就把鲧杀了，又让鲧的儿子禹去治水。
禹改变了他父亲的做法，用开渠排水、疏通河道的办法，把洪水引到大海中去。他和老百姓一起劳动，戴着箬帽，拿着锹子，带头挖土、挑土，累得磨光了小腿上的毛。
经过十三年的努力，终于把洪水引到大海里去，地面上又可以供人种庄稼了。
禹新婚不久，为了治水，到处奔波，多次经过自己的家门，都没有进去。有一次，他妻子涂山氏生下了儿子启，婴儿正在哇哇地哭，禹在门外经过，听见哭声，也狠下心没进去探望。
当时，黄河中游有一座大山，叫龙门山（在今山西河津县西北）。它堵塞了河水的去路，把河水挤得十分狭窄。奔腾东下的河水受到龙门山的阻挡，常常溢出河道，闹起水灾来。禹到了那里，观察好地形，带领人们开凿龙门，把这座大山凿开了一个大口子。这样，河水就畅通无阻了。
后代的人都称颂禹治水的功绩，尊称他是大禹。
舜年老以后，也像尧一样，物色继承人。因为禹治水有功，大家都推选禹。到舜一死，禹就继任了部落联盟首领。
这时候，已到了氏族公社后期。生产力发展了，一个人生产的东西，除了维持自己的生活，还有了剩余。氏族、部落的首领们利用自己的地位，把剩余产品作为自己的私人财产，变成氏族的贵族。有了剩余的产品，部落和部落之间发生战争，捉住了俘虏，不再把他们杀掉，而把他们变成奴隶，为贵族劳动。这样，就渐渐形成奴隶和奴隶主两个阶级，氏族公社开始瓦解。
由于禹在治水中的功绩，提高了部落联盟首领的威信和权力。传说禹年老的时候，曾经到东方视察，并且在会稽山（在今浙江绍兴一带）召集许多部落的首领。去朝见禹的人手里都拿着玉帛，仪式十分隆重。有一个叫做防风氏的部落首领，到会最晚。禹认为怠慢了他的命令，把防风氏斩了。这说明，那时候的禹已经从部落联盟首领变成名符其实的国王了。禹原来有个助手叫做皋陶（音gaoyao），曾经帮助禹治理政事。皋陶死后，皋陶的儿子伯益也做过禹的助手。按照禅让的制度，本来是应该让伯益做禹的继承人的。但是，禹死以后，禹所在的夏部落的贵族却拥戴禹的儿子启继承了禹的位子。
这样一来，氏族公社时期的部落联盟的选举制度正式被废除，变为王位世袭的制度。我国历史上第一个奴隶制王朝——夏朝出现了。
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