１８８ 元昊建立西夏
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宋真宗用妥协求和的办法，安下了辽朝那一头；西北边境的党项族（古代少数民族之一）贵族趁宋朝忙着对付辽朝的机会，经常侵犯宋朝边境。龙腾小说网ltxsba.com宋真宗疲于应付，只好妥协退让，封党项族首领李继迁为夏州刺史、定难军节度使。公元1004年，李继迁死后，又封他的儿子李德明为西平王，每年给大批银绢，才平稳了三十多年。
李德明的儿子元昊（音hao）是个雄心勃勃的人。他精通汉文和佛学，多次带兵打败吐蕃、回鹘等部落，扩大地盘。他劝说德明不要再向宋朝称臣。德明不愿跟宋朝决裂，对儿子说：“我们三十年来，能够穿上锦衣，都是宋朝的赏赐，可不好背叛他们啊！”
元昊说：“穿皮毛，牧牛羊，这是我们党项的风俗。英雄好汉，应该创立自己的事业，哪能贪图这点好处？”
德明说：“依你说，该怎么办？”
元昊说：“我们得到的赏赐，只是我们自己享受，可是部落的人还很穷困。依我看，不如拒绝朝贡，训练兵马。力量小可以去掳掠，大了可以去夺取土地，这样上下都能富裕起来，岂不更好。”
可是李德明还是不肯接受他的意见，直到德明死去，元昊继承了西平王的爵位，才按照自己的主张，设置官职，整顿军队，准备摆脱宋朝的控制，自立门户。
他的叔父山遇劝元昊不要反宋，元昊不听。山遇逃奔宋朝，宋朝的延州官员怕得罪元昊，反把山遇抓起来送还元昊。元昊知道他的意图已经暴露，就在公元1038年，正式宣布即位称帝，国号大夏，建都兴庆（今宁夏回族自治区，银川市）。因为它在宋朝的西北，历史上叫做西夏。
元昊即位以后，上表要求宋朝承认。那时候，宋真宗已经死去，在位的是他的儿子宋仁宗赵祯。宋朝君臣议论了一下，认为这是元昊反宋的表示，就下令削去元昊西平王爵位，断绝贸易往来，还在边境关卡上张榜悬赏捉拿元昊。这一来激怒了元昊，就决定大举进攻。
那时候，宋军在西北驻防兵士有三四十万，但是这些兵士分散在二十四个州的几百个堡垒，而且各州人马，都直接由朝廷指挥，互相不配合。再加上宋军好久没有打仗，兵士缺乏训练。西夏的骑兵却是集中指挥，机动灵活，所以宋军常常打败仗。
过了一年，西夏军进攻延州，宋军又打了一个大败仗。宋仁宗十分恼火，把延州知州范雍撤了职，另派大臣韩琦和范仲淹到陕西指挥抗西夏的战争。
范仲淹到了延州，把边境上的军事制度作了一番改革，他把延州一万六千人马分为六路，由六名将领率领，日夜操练，使原来十分散漫的宋军提高了战斗力。
西夏将士看到宋军防守严密，不敢进犯延州。他们议论说：“小范老子（指范仲淹）胸中有几万甲兵，可不像大范老子（指范雍）那样好欺负了。”
范仲淹分析了双方兵力，主张加强防守，牵制西夏兵力，但是韩琦却主张进攻。
公元1041年二月，西夏军由元昊亲自率领，进犯渭州，韩琦集中所有人马，还选了一万八千名勇士，由任福率领出击。
任福带了几千骑兵赶了一阵，见到一支西夏兵，双方打了一阵，西夏兵丢下战马、骆驼就逃。任福派人侦察，听说前面的敌兵不多，就在后面紧紧追赶。赶了三天三夜，来到好水川（今宁夏隆德西），天色已经黑了下来。任福命令将士就地休息，打算等第二天一早和预先约定的另一支宋军会师好水川，把敌兵杀个片甲不留。
第二天，任福带着宋军沿好水川西进，到了六盘山下，没有发现西夏兵。只见路边有几只银泥盒子，封得十分紧密，兵土们走上前去，拿起银泥盒子听了一下，里面还发出一种跳动声音。兵士报告任福，任福吩咐兵士把盒子打开。只听得“噗噗”几声，接连飞出了一百多只带哨的鸽子，在宋军的头上盘旋飞翔。
原来，那小股西夏兵的败退是假的。在六盘山下，元昊带了十万精兵，布置好埋伏。只等那鸽子飞起，四面的西夏兵就一齐杀出，将宋军紧紧包围。宋军奋力突围。从早晨一直打到中午，敌阵里挥动一面大旗。又有大批西夏兵从两边杀出。宋兵边打边退，许多人退到悬崖摔死。
任福身中十多支箭，兵士劝任福逃脱。任福说：“我身为大将，现在兵败，只有以死报国。”他又冲了上去，被西夏兵刺杀了。
这一仗，元昊取得大胜，宋军死伤惨重。韩琦听到这消息，十分伤心，上书请朝廷处分，宋仁宗把韩琦撤了职。范仲淹虽然没直接指挥这场战争，但是被人诬告，也降了职。
打这以后，宋夏多次发生战争，宋军连连损兵折将，宋仁宗不得不重新起用韩琦、范仲淹防守边境。两人同心协力，爱抚士卒，严肃军纪，西夏才不敢再进攻。
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