１９４ 沈括出使
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自从宋真宗以后，宋朝一直依靠每年送大量银绢，维持了几十年跟辽朝暂时妥协的局面，但是辽朝欺宋朝软弱，想进一步侵占宋朝土地。龙腾小说ltxsba.com公元1075年，辽朝派大臣萧禧到东京，要求划定边界。
宋神宗派大臣跟萧禧谈判，双方争论了几天，没有结果。萧禧一定说黄嵬山（在今山西原平西南，嵬音wei）一带三十里地方应该属于辽朝。宋神宗派去谈判的大臣不了解那里的地形，明知萧禧提出的是无理要求，又没法反驳他。宋神宗就另派沈括去谈判。
沈括，杭州钱塘人，原是支持王安石新法的官员。沈括不但办事认真细致，而且精通地理。他先到枢密院，从档案资料中把过去议定边界的文件都查清楚了，证明那块土地应该是属于宋朝的。他向宋神宗报告，宋神宗听了很高兴，就要沈括画成地图送给萧禧看，萧禧才没话说。
宋神宗又派沈括出使上京（辽朝的京城，在今内蒙古自治区巴林左旗南）。沈括首先收集了许多地理资料，并且叫随从的官员都背熟。到了上京，辽朝派宰相杨益戒跟沈括谈判边界，辽方提出的问题，沈括和官员们对答如流，有凭有据。杨益戒一看没有空子好钻，就板起脸来蛮横地说：“你们连这点土地都斤斤计较，难道想跟我们断绝友好关系吗？”
沈括理直气壮地说：“你们背弃过去的盟约，想用武力来胁迫我们。真要闹翻了，我看你们也得不到便宜。”
辽朝官员说不服沈括，又怕闹僵了，对他们没好处，只好放弃了他们的无理要求。
沈括带着随员从辽朝回来，一路上，每经过一个地方，把那里的大山河流，险要关口，画成地图，还把当地的风俗人情，调查得清清楚楚。回到东京以后，他把这些资料整理起来，献给宋神宗。宋神宗认为沈括立了功，拜他为翰林学士。
沈括为了维护宋朝边境的安全，十分重视地形勘察。有一次，宋神宗派他到定州（今河北定县）去巡视。他假装在那里打猎，花了二十多天时间，详细考察了定州边境的地形，还用木屑和融化的蜡捏制成一个立体模型。回到定州后，沈括要木工用木板根据他的模型，雕刻出木制的模型，献给宋神宗。这种立体地图模型当然比绘制在纸上的地图更清楚了。
宋神宗对沈括画的地图和制作的地图模型很感兴趣。第二年，就叫沈括编制一份全国地图。但是不久，沈括受人诬告，被朝廷贬谪到随州（今湖北随县）去。在那里，环境虽然很困难，但是他坚持绘制没有画完的地图；后来，他换了几个地方的官职，也是一面考察地理，一面修订地图，坚持了十二年，终于完成了当时最准确的一本全国地图——《天下郡国图》。
沈括不但在地理研究上作出了出色的成就，而且是个研究兴趣很广泛的科学家。他在天文、历法、音乐、医药、数学等方面，都十分精通。他很早就研究天文历法。后来，他担任司天监的工作，发现在那里工作的人，不少是不学无术的人，不懂得用仪器观测。他到了司天监以后，添置了天文仪器。为了观察北极星的位置，他一连三个月，每天夜里用浑天仪观察，终于计算出北极星的正确位置。
沈括晚年的时候，闲居在润州（今江苏镇江）的梦溪园。他把一生研究的成果记载下来，写了一本著作《梦溪笔谈》。在那本书里，除了记载他自己研究的成果以外，还记录了当时劳动人民的许多创造发明，其中特别有名的是毕升的活字印刷技术。
印刷术是我国古代四大发明之一。在北宋之前，已经有了雕板印刷术。但是雕板花工夫大，而且刻好一块木板，要改动一个字，就要全部重刻。沈括在他钱塘老家看到一位老工匠毕升，用一种很细的粘土，做成许多小块，刻上字后放在窑里烧硬，成为一个个活字。用这种活字排版印刷，比雕板印刷方便多了。沈括看到这件新鲜事，十分感兴趣，就进行详细的观察和了解，还把毕升的发明，记载在他的《梦溪笔谈》里，后代的人读了他的书，才知道活字印刷术的来历。
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