２３８ 萨尔浒大战
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努尔哈赤建立后金后，又花了两年多时间整顿内部，发展生产，扩大兵力。更多小说ltxsba.com公元1618年，努尔哈赤召集八旗首领和将士誓师，宣布跟明朝有七件事结下了冤仇，叫做“七大恨”。第一条就是明朝无故挑衅，害死了他的祖父和父亲。为了报仇雪恨，决定起兵征伐明朝。
第二天，努尔哈赤亲自率领二万人马进攻抚顺。他先写信给抚顺明军守将，劝他投降。守将李永芳一看后金军来势凶猛，没有抵抗就投降了，后金军俘获了人口、牲畜三十万。明朝的辽东巡抚派兵救援抚顺，也被后金军在半路上打垮。努尔哈赤命令毁了抚顺城，带着大批战利品回到赫图阿拉。
消息传到北京，明神宗大怒，决定派杨镐为辽东经略，讨伐后金。杨镐经过一番紧张的调兵遣将，才集中了十万人马。公元1619年，杨镐分兵四路，由四个总兵官率领，进攻赫图阿拉。中路左翼是山海关总兵杜松；中路右翼是辽东总兵李如柏；北路是开原总兵马林；南路是辽阳总兵刘铤（音ting）。为了扩大声势，号称四十七万。杨镐坐镇沈阳，指挥全局。
那时候，后金八旗军兵力，合起来不过六万多。一些后金将士得到情报，不免有点害怕，来找努尔哈赤，要他拿主意。努尔哈赤胸有成竹地说：“别怕，管他几路来，我就是一路去。
经过侦察，努尔哈赤得知杜松率领的中路左翼是明军主力，已经从抚顺出发打了过来，他就集中兵力，先对付杜松。
杜松是一员身经百战的名将。从抚顺出发的时候，天正下着大雪，杜松想抢头功，不管气候恶劣，急急忙忙冒雪行军。他先攻占了萨尔浒（今辽宁抚顺东）山口；接着分兵两路，把一半兵力留在萨尔浒扎营，自己带了另一部精兵攻打后，金的界藩城（今新宾西北）。
努尔哈赤一看杜松分散兵力，心里暗暗高兴，集中八旗的兵力，一口气攻下萨尔浒明军大营，截断了杜松后路。接着，又急行军援救界藩。正在攻打界藩的明军，听到后路被抄，军心动摇。驻守在界藩的后金军从山上居高临下地压下来，把杜松军杀得七零八落。努尔哈赤率领大军赶到，把明军团团围住。杜松左右冲杀想要突围，突然一箭飞来，正射中他的头部，杜松从马上栽下来死去。部下明军被杀得尸横遍野，血流成河。一路人马先覆灭了。
北路的马林从开原（今辽宁开原）出兵，刚刚到离开萨尔浒四十里的地方，得到杜松兵败的消息，吓得急忙转攻为守，就地依山，扎下营垒，挖了三层壕沟，准备防守。努尔哈赤率领八旗兵力从界藩马不停蹄地赶来，攻破明军营垒。马林没命地逃奔，才回到开原，第二路明军又被打散了。
坐镜沈阳的杨镐，正在等待各路明军的捷报，哪想到一连两天接到的竟是两路人马覆灭的坏消息，把他惊得目瞪口呆。他这才知道努尔哈赤厉害，连忙派快马传令另外两路明军立刻停止进军。
中路右翼的辽东总兵李如柏本来胆小，行动也特别迟缓，接到杨镐命令，急忙撤退。山上巡逻的二十来名后金哨兵远远望见明军撤退，大声鼓噪，明军兵士以为后面有大批追兵，争先恐后地逃跑，自相践踏，也死了不少。
剩下的一路是南路军刘铤。杨镐发出停止进军命令的时候，刘铤军已经深入到后金军阵地，各路明军失败的情况，他一点也不知道。刘铤是明军中出名的猛将，他使用一把一百二十斤的大刀，运转如飞，外号叫“刘大刀”。刘铤军军令严明，武器火药也多。进入后金阵地以后，连破几个营寨。
努尔哈赤知道刘铤骁勇，不能光靠拼硬仗。他选了一个投降过来的明兵，叫他冒充杜松部下，送信给刘铤，说杜松军已经到赫图阿拉城下，只等刘铤军去会师攻城。
刘铤没接到杨镐命令，不知道杜松军已经覆灭，信以为真，他怕让杜松独得头功，下令火速进军。这一带道路险狭，兵马不能够并列，只好改为单列进军。刘铤带兵走了一阵，忽然杀声四起，漫山遍谷都是后金伏兵，向明军杀来。刘铤正在着急，努尔哈赤又派一支后金兵穿着明军衣甲，打着明军旗帜，装扮成杜松军前来接应。刘铤毫不怀疑，把人马带进假明军的包围圈里。后金军里应外合，四面夹击，明军阵势大乱。刘铤虽然勇敢，挥舞大刀，杀退了一些后金兵，但是毕竟寡不敌众，他左右两臂都受了重伤，终于倒下。
这场战争从开始到结束，只有五天时间，杨镐率领的十万明军损失了一大半，文武将官死了三百多人。这就是历史上著名的“萨尔浒之战”。
萨尔浒之战后，明朝大伤元气，后金步步进逼，过了两年，努尔哈赤又率领八旗大军，接连攻占了辽东重要据点沈阳和辽阳。
公元1625年三月，努尔哈赤把后金都城迁到沈阳，把沈阳称为盛京。打那以后，后金就成了明朝最大的威胁。
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