２３７ 努尔哈赤建立后金
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明王朝政治越来越腐败，边防也越来越松弛，在我国东北地区的女真族的一支——建州女真趁机扩大势力，开始强大起来，它的领袖是爱新觉罗-努尔哈赤。更多小说ltxsba.com
努尔哈赤出身建州女真的贵族家庭。祖父觉昌安和父亲塔克世，都是建州女真的贵族，被明朝封为建州左卫的官员。努尔哈赤从小就练习骑马射箭，练得一身好武艺。十岁那年，母亲死去，他的继母待他不好。努尔哈赤不得不离开家庭，和当地小伙伴在一起，在莽莽林海里打猎、挖人参、采松子、拾蘑菇，然后把这些山货带到抚顺去卖掉，挣钱过活。抚顺的集市很热闹，女真人常在那里用山货跟汉人交换铁器、粮食、盐和纺织品。努尔哈赤在抚顺接触了很多汉人，学会了汉文，他还挺喜欢读《三国演义》、《水浒》一类小说。
建州女真有好几个部落，互相攻杀。明朝总兵李成梁利用建州各部的矛盾来加强统治。努尔哈赤二十五岁那年，建州女真部有个土伦城的城主尼堪外兰，带引明军攻打古勒寨城主阿台。阿台的妻子是觉昌安的孙女。觉昌安得到消息，带着塔克世到古勒寨去探望孙女。正碰上明军攻打古勒寨，觉昌安和塔克世在混战中都被明军杀害。
努尔哈赤痛哭了一场，葬了他的祖父、父亲，但是想到自己的力量太小，不敢得罪明军，就把一股怨恨全集中在尼堪外兰身上。他跑到明朝官吏那里说：“杀我的祖父、父亲是尼堪外兰，只要你们把尼堪外兰交给我，我也就甘心了。”明朝官吏只把他祖父、父亲的遗体交还他，但不肯交出尼堪外兰。
努尔哈赤满腔悲愤回到家里，翻出了他父亲留下的十三副盔甲，分发给他手下兵士，向土伦城进攻。努尔哈赤英勇善战，尼堪外兰不是他的对手，狼狈逃走。努尔哈赤攻克了土伦城，继续追击，趁机又征服了建州女真的一些部落。尼堪外兰东奔西窜，最后逃到了鄂勒珲（今齐齐哈尔附近），请求明军保护。努尔哈赤也追到那里。明军看他不肯罢休，怕因此引起战争，就让努尔哈赤杀了尼堪外兰。
努尔哈赤灭了尼堪外兰，声势越来越大。过了几年，统一了建州女真。这就引起女真族其他部的恐慌。当时的女真族，共有三部，除了建州女真之外，还有海西女真和“野人”女真。海西女真中有个叶赫部最强。公元1593年，叶赫部联合了女真、蒙古九个部落，结成联盟，合兵三万，分三路进攻努尔哈赤。
努尔哈赤听到九部联军来攻，事先做好迎战的准备。他在敌军来路上，埋伏了精兵；在路旁山岭边，安放了滚木石块，一切安排妥当，他就安安稳稳睡起觉来。他的妻子看了很着急，把他推醒，问他：“九部兵来攻打，你怎么睡起觉来，难道真的你给吓胡涂了？”
努尔哈赤笑着说：“如果我害怕，就是想睡也睡不着。”
第二天，建州派出的探子回报敌兵人数众多，将士们听了也有点害怕。努尔哈赤就解释说：“别害怕，现在我们占据险要地形，敌兵虽然多，不过是乌合之众，一定互相观望。如有哪一个领兵先攻，我们就杀他一二个头目，不怕他们不退。”
九部联军到了古勒山下，建州兵在山上严阵以待，先派出一百骑兵挑战。叶赫部一个头目冲来，马被木桩绊倒，建州兵上去把他杀了，另一头目看到这情景也吓昏过去。这一来，九部联军没有统一指挥，四散逃窜，努尔哈赤乘胜追击，击败了叶赫部。又过了几年，基本统一了女真族各部。
努尔哈赤在统一女真过程中，把女真人编为八个旗，旗既是一个行政单位，又是军事组织。每旗下面有许多牛录，一个牛录三百人，平时耕田打猎，战时打仗。这样既推动了生产，又加强了战斗力。为了麻痹明朝，他继续向明朝朝贡称臣，明朝廷认为努尔哈赤态度恭顺，封他为龙虎将军。他还多次到北京，亲自察看明朝政府的虚实。公元1616年，他认为时机成熟，就在八旗贵族拥护下，在赫图阿拉（今辽宁新宾附近）即位称汗，国号大金。为了跟过去的金朝区别，历史上把它称为后金。
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