第六章、华夷之辨
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是勋问何为华且何为夷,坐在前列的司马敏赶紧把手给举起来了举手才能发言,这也是是勋讲课的独有规矩。更多小说ltxs520.com
当即朝司马敏点一点头,司马幼达站起身来,先长揖,再回答:“先生曾云:中国有礼仪之大,故称夏;有服章之美,谓之华。乃知无服章之美,无礼仪之大者,即四夷也,如禽兽也。”
其实正经说起来,“礼仪之大”云云并不是是勋说的,只是他抄的源头为唐初孔颖达《五经正义》中语。就连是勋都记不清,这是他哪回讲课的时候随口贩将出去,竟然被学生给记了下来。
于是摆摆手,示意司马敏坐下,然后环视众人:“幼达所言是也,然为皮毛之论,未得其本。何言耶?中国有礼仪之大,何四夷所无也?有服章之美,何四夷所无也?礼仪、服章,二而实一,自何而生?何四夷之不得耶?
“华者,许叔重《说文解字》云荣也,斯美言也;夏者,云中国之人也。《书.武成》乃云:华夏蛮貊,罔不率俾。居之于中,干戈卫护,是谓中国;布之于外,是谓南蛮、北戎、东夷、西狄,要言之四夷也。”
到这儿还都是老生常谈,但接下去就有新内容啦。是勋说:“今南蛮者,如武陵蛮、山越也;北戎者,如鲜卑、乌丸也;东夷者,如高句丽、诸韩也;西狄者,如羌、胡也。彼其无衣裳而裸身耶?无文章而素地耶?彼其无礼仪而真等同于禽兽耶?”难道这些外族就都不穿衣服,不绘花纹吗?难道他们部中就毫无规矩吗?为什么说只有中国有“礼仪之大”、“服章之美”呢?
那就又要说到社会发展的问题啦,这年月典籍中所描述的上古时代,虽然并非完全向隅虚构,也有很多真实内容,如有巢、燧人、伏羲、神农等世,技术还极不发达,人民极端贫困,但儒者往往将其看作风俗俭朴,而不大会从中探寻到社会进步的道理。是勋对此就要好好说道说道,给弟子们灌输一些新观念进去啦
“伏羲之世,人未知植麻育蚕,无织帛之能,乃缀皮编毛以御寒耳,与今之夷狄,何其相似?神农教稼穑之先,人唯渔、猎而已,间或畜牧,与今之北戎,何其相似?乃教稼穑之初,刀耕而火种,是以神农亦名烈山也,与今之南蛮,何其相似?是知人而为一也,华夏之与四夷,为长者之与幼童耳。”人都是一样的,并没有高下之分,最大的差别,就是咱们的文化和技术比他们先进。
“渔猎、畜牧,乃逐水草居;刀耕火种,田废必徙。居无定所,乃无恒产,无恒产则无恒心。而中原有江、河为灌,有田土之美,后稷教播五谷,民乃重迁,渐成聚落,民乃繁育,斯成中国。人之蕃也,圣人从而教之,斯有礼仪之大,服章之美矣。四夷不知稼穑,乃不成礼仪之大,服章之美。”先进的农业民族,和游牧、渔猎民族,以及原始农业部族,本是有着根本性差别的。
那么是勋说这些话,用意究竟何在呢?其用有三,首先:“有虞、有夏,不过河南地也;成汤居亳,乃有山东;凤鸣西岐,乃有关陇;赵之并狄,斯有朔、并;秦之灭楚,斯有荆、扬;孝武皇帝以兼赵氏,遂有交、广。或为中国人所播迁,或为夷狄而入华夏,礼仪所传、服章所布也。”中国不是自古以来就存在的,是逐渐形成并且扩张到今天这一步的。
“是故夷狄入中国,则中国之,中国入夷狄,则夷狄之……”
这句话后世传播得非常广泛,但究其根由,却是许衡为蒙元统治中国所编造的理论,意思是:即便夷狄,只要占据了中国土地,那也就可以算是中国啦。不过是勋今天贩卖这句话,还真不是为了夷狄张目,因为可以从另一个角度来重新诠释
“何谓耶?夷狄入于中国,然恶终不可胜善,丑终不可胜美,必要从其稼穑,学其礼仪,用其服章,乃可长居,此即楚之终于中国也。中国入于夷狄,斯土而未必能够稼穑,则礼仪、服章亦将日丧,乃终泯乎夷狄矣。”许衡你丫死去吧,以后我这一说才是正根儿。
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