第六章、华夷之辨
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“是故夷狄之地，中国之人或不可久居，是故孝武皇帝即驱匈奴漠北，而漠南今又生鲜卑、乌丸矣，以为不兴兵戈而可久安者，迂腐之见。然中国则不取漠南耶？亦非也。乃知夷狄之存也久，杀之不尽，中国退则夷狄进，漠南之不守，漠北终为中国之患也。”一定要经常性地攻打北方游牧民族，一定要牢牢守住朔、并两州，否则中原腹心之地都会遭遇危险！
“南蛮事又不同也。北地苦寒，唯生荒草，难以耕殖……”起码就这年月的技术还做不到把农业区大范围北扩，“南方虽暑，亦可播植，是以武陵蛮、山越等虽匿山林间，若得其地而作，数世之后，亦中国矣孝武皇帝因此而伐南越，并郡县之也。”对于南方的蛮夷也要讨伐，但目的不是为了修筑一条钢铁国防线，而是继续扩张，增广疆域。
对于不同夷狄的不同态度其实严格意义说起来，态度都一样，那就是打，不同的是是否占据其土地，是否可以使其入华（合并进中华大家庭）这是是勋所说的第二个问题。
“孟子云：吾闻用夏变夷者，未闻变于夷者也。以之责陈相也……”陈相作为儒门弟子陈良的学生，却去追随被孟子认为水平低幼的农家许行，孟子乃有是语“为夏之道绝过于夷，以下从上，民乃蕃育，以上就下，民必困穷。然陈相之学于许行，得非夏而变于夷耶？乃知事有反常者也……”不要以为咱们文化先进，就必然不会被落后民族所同化了，必须随时警惕落后文化对先进文化的冲击和破坏这是是勋所说的第三个问题。
最后综合一下：“是故有稼穑之土，有耕织之劳，始有礼仪之大、服章之美，是成中国也。四夷之不如中国也，为无稼穑之土，无耕织之劳，使民困穷。中国可收其土即收之，教其民稼穑；不可收其土则逐之，使不为祸斯乃用夏变夷，孝武皇帝收南越、五原、朔方是也。其夷狄之民困穷，乃有禽兽之性，无日不望得中国之土，然得其土而不知稼穑，遂更使中国困穷也斯乃夏变于夷，今之五原、朔方是也。
“是故子曰：夷狄之有君，不如诸夏之无也。为诸夏无君，而礼仪是在；夷狄无君亦可教化，若有君必成禽兽矣！”少数民族不抱团儿，咱们就容易同化他们，一旦抱团儿甚至立国，那就危险啦“吾前请魏王分析匈奴、乌丸各部，即为此也。”
传统中国人看待外族，鄙其落后，恨其侵扰，观点都是同一的；但对待外族的态度，却往往走两个极端：一是以为外族既然落后，那便不足为中国之患，只要教之礼仪，必能同化；二是以为外族不可教也，必须明确“华夷之分”，严防死守，才能保证中国的安靖。
就这个年月而言，大一统的强大王朝虽然已经走向没落，终究瘦死的骆驼比马大，外族尚不能威胁其腹心之地，基本舆论还是倾向于前一种态度的。所以这时候的中国人具备强大的包容性和对外来文化的吸收能力，但同时对外族入侵缺乏足够的警惕心“以为读经识礼，服中国之章，即为中国人也。而不知所滋育者不变，是终不能中国也。”
其后“五胡乱华”，第一个掀起反旗的刘渊，那就是相当汉化的匈奴贵族，史书上说他“幼好学，师事上党崔游，习《毛诗》、《京氏易》、《马氏尚书》，尤好《春秋左氏传》、《孙吴兵法》，略皆诵之，《史》、《汉》、诸子，无不综览”。然并卵，只要他的部族还没能改变传统的生活习惯，绝大多数匈奴人都没有中国化，刘渊一旦回去，立变匈奴单于，而非中国君主。
中国人必须经历多次惨痛的教训，才能明白这一道理，比方说“五胡乱华”，比方说“安史之乱”，比方说残唐五代，所以到了宋朝，相关华夷的思想倾向就逐渐右倾，走向另一个极端，最终导致了明、清两代总体思潮的全面保守，活力渐丧。不过那是以后的事情，相对此一倾向，是勋尚无需赘言。
对于今日之病征而下药，是勋主要教导学生们要明确“华夷之辩”，并且警惕“夏变于夷”，在兼并和融合外族的问题上，不可只看表面（用中国礼仪、服章），而要看到深层（是否真正改变了生产和生活习惯）。而且这不是一两代人就能够解决的问题“楚之附周，在文王之世，而尚溺昭王汉水，问九鼎洛阳，至秦收之，始入中国。乃知用夏以变夷，亦当行之数世，始验。”
若是能在保持包容性的前提下，提高对外族的警惕心，或许不会再蹈“五胡乱华“之渊薮吧。
宣讲完毕，即使学生自由提问。突然间站起一人来，询问道：“闻先生盟拓跋而使雄漠南，收其酋为假子，有诸？何与所言相悖耶？”
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