第三十三章、贤良孝廉
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魏讽质疑曹操的“唯才是举”,“请教”是勋,周不疑站出来,表示可代老师回答。龙腾小说网ltxs520.com○
是勋这些天跟周不疑的关系日渐亲密,因为觉得这孩子并不象他自承的那般狂妄,起码在老师面前,他肯听劝,他肯受教。收徒之后不久,尚未离开安邑,周不疑就单独请教是勋,说我上回所说的君臣之理,先生您真的认为不对吗?我怎么觉得把您的理论加以推导,就能够得出类似结论来……
是勋心说你丫还没完了,于是教导他:“吾尝言世之推移,人口愈繁,而人心不同也,法宜随世而易,元直以为然否?”我提出过的社会逐渐进步的理论,你赞成不赞成?周不疑连连点头,说这点上弟子毫无异义,而且觉得老师您能洞悉此理,真是太了不起啦。
是勋说好:“即以殉论,殷商即重殉矣……”不过在甲骨文发现之前,相关商代的史料非常匮乏,而且每多讹误,所以商人重殉之事,他只好含糊其辞“至于周,墨子云:‘天子杀殉,多者数百,寡者数十;将军大夫杀殉,多者数十,寡者数人。’而孔子说仁以爱人,孟子述其语曰:‘始作俑者,其无后乎。’是非止恶殉也,乃恶乎俑……”
对于孔子这句话,历来有不同的解释,这年月最流行的是赵岐所注:“仲尼重人类,谓秦穆公时以三良殉葬本由有作俑者也,恶其始造,故曰此人其无后嗣乎?”意思是说正因为有人发明了俑。所以才会导致秦穆公时代以三良为殉。孔子因此而斥“其无后乎”俑的发明者肯定会断子绝孙吧。
然而是勋知道。赵岐这是倒果为因了,历史的发展,乃是先有人殉,后有俑葬,以俑代人,其实反倒是一种进步。所以他在注解和讲课中,就取用了后世朱熹的说法:“古之葬者,束草为人以为从卫。谓之刍灵,略似人形而已。中古易之以俑,则有面目机发,而大似人矣,故孔子恶其不仁……”最早的人殉替代品乃是用草扎的人形,后来才发明了俑,但俑有眼耳口鼻,实在太象人啦(孟子紧跟着所引用孔子的话,就说‘为其象人而用之也’),故此有违仁道。
是勋说了。商代重殉,周代也延续了这一古老而野蛮残忍的习俗。可是到了春秋晚期,孔子就认为别说人殉了,连用俑都是不道德的“秦二世诏始皇后宫无子者皆从死,人故目之以暴。至于本朝,几无用殉者也。乃知世所推移,益近乎仁,益合乎礼,然当商周之时,若有责殉者,人必目之为悖也,非礼也。”时代是逐渐进步的,在社会道德还没有发展到那一步的时候,就提出过于超前的理论来,那是自己作死。
“商周之君,以人为殉,至秦之君,以三良为殉,今之天子,何敢为殉?是知君之重日轻也,民之重日重也,期以未来,必有如元直所言之日矣,然不可言之于今。”你把自己的理念藏在心里吧,别随便说出来,给自己,甚至也给我惹麻烦。
周不疑连声称是,是勋见这小子肯听教,高兴之下,干脆跟他多说一点儿:“元直以为,君之权何所来耶?”周不疑说我反对君权天授,认为君权是百姓所赋予的,所以君才并不高于百姓,只是百姓的代理人而已当然这话从此我只跟您说,不会再去到处宣扬啦。是勋微微而笑:“世之权柄有三:一曰父权,二曰族权,三曰夫权。君乃为其象矣,于是以臣民为子女,为族属,为妾媵。父可杀子,家长可杀其属,夫可杀其妾媵,于罪减免一等,则君可随意臣民可知矣。三权不除,则君无可比类庶民也,强说之,不过空中楼阁。”
师徒二人越聊越深,是勋终于一吐胸中块垒,把从来不敢言表的某些话吐露给周不疑知道。当然啦,他也反复提醒周不疑,这是咱俩的小秘密,你可别跟别人说就算说了,我也抵死不认!
周不疑倒是因此而对是勋愈发敬重,所以今天魏讽问难是勋,周不疑觉得老师犹豫了一下,还以为是勋一时间没想好该怎么反驳,于是挺身而出,说还是由我来为老师作答吧。
弟子代老师回复外人的提问,本亦情理中事,况且魏讽不过二十出头,就算在刘伟那些年轻人群中再怎么受追捧,终究不可能与是勋相提并论,那么站出一个年龄跟他差不多的学生来回答提问,也算是身份对等。故此魏讽不便反对,便即朝周不疑微微一揖:“愿聆雅教。”
是勋微微皱眉,注目周不疑,心说你想怎么回答魏讽的问题哪?我知道你这张嘴是很厉害啦,但可千万别说豁,别把你那些超前的理论给卖出来啊。
就见周不疑坦然一笑,不疾不徐地回答道:“君主治国,用既唯德,亦当唯才,不可偏废,故有孝廉,亦有茂才也。孝桓皇帝以来,士大夫往往阿党比周,所引者吹嘘名誉,所嫉者指白为黑,渐成痼疾,是故魏王令举才者也。如家师所言,非不云德,云德者自多矣,乃矫枉也。”曹操不是不重视道德,但问题提倡道德的人太多啦,都不关注官吏才能了,所以才“唯才”,以期扭转这种偏颇的风气。
“德不可见也,才之可试也。有才无德,有司其查,吏而不廉,必罹其罪,何伤耶?有德无才,不可理民,必致乱矣。”
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