第十一章、社会进步
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人类社会总是螺旋状向前发展的，进两步、退一步是常事，此乃是勋曾经教授过周不疑的重要理念。更多小说ltxs520.com以古鉴今，因往见来，某些事情你以为一成不变，其实与古礼、古法已有差异；某些事情你以为今不如古，要看到此乃大进步的先兆；某些事情你以为今人胜古，也要警惕不使倒退、反复。
即以眼前这些奴婢而论。
后世某些学者不承认自秦汉以后，中国便进入了封建社会，认为近代以前中国一直未能摆脱奴隶制的枷锁，起码属于半封建半奴隶社会。理由也很简单，即一直到清代，社会上依然存在着数量庞大的官私奴婢，在社会生产和生活中占有相当重要的地位。
是勋本人是反对这一论断的，理由有二。其一，研究一个社会的基本形态，就必须抛开日常生活不谈，而只考虑生产模式，究其大要，忽略特例，而自秦汉以降，中国社会长时期以农为本，除个别特殊时期，或者特殊地区外，劳动者当中自耕农和半自耕农的数量占有绝对优势，必然不属于奴隶制。
第二点更为重要，即切不可将奴婢与奴隶等同看待也。
何者为奴隶？指彻底丧失人生自由，受他人任意驱使，为奴隶主无偿劳动，不可能积蓄任何私人财富，甚至连生死都掌握在奴隶主手中的人。
是勋即以此为开端，来详细解答周不疑的问题：“吾尝以胡人为子，元直知否？”
周不疑点点头，说您收过鲜卑拓拔部的少主为养子，起名是魏。这事儿我确实知道。
是勋便道：“是故，吾于胡中事稔熟也。胡中所俘虏者、举债难偿者，皆没为奴，驱使劳役，动辄鞭笞。且其主可擅杀奴而无罪也。是以奴为物也，而非人也，自毁吾财，可讥为奢，而不可斥为暴矣其俗如此。”
周不疑闻言，略有些不快地皱了皱眉头。低声道：“是故等于禽兽也。”
是勋笑一笑，说你可别这么想，其实咱们上古之世，也跟如今的胡人没有太大区别“是故夏、殷以人为祀，以人为殉。为其非人也，乃奴也。即于国初，主于奴婢可‘告杀’，则与耕牛何异？奴婢伤人而弃市，则与犬马何异？”
汉初延续秦律，规定主人不能擅自杀害自家奴婢，而必须要先告官，获得官家的许可其实这跟不得擅杀耕牛。耕牛因老病将死而必杀之的，先得去官府备案，又有什么区别？倘若奴婢伤害了良人（自由民）。则不论情节轻重，一律斩首，这跟我家的狗啊马啊什么的伤了人，而必须斩杀以向对方赔罪，又有什么区别？还是不把奴婢当人看啊。
“是故董子上奏孝武皇帝，使去奴婢。除专杀之威，斯乃以人为人也……”董仲舒曾经建议。奴婢犯错，可以责罚。不可杀戮，奴婢有罪，国法惩处，不可施以家法“地节中，传魏相婢有过，自绞死，赵广汉疑为擅杀，乃突入相府，召其夫人庭下受辞；建平中，王获杀奴，而为其父莽所逼自杀岂夫人之贵，不如婢耶？岂儿女之亲，不如奴耶？或广汉枉法，王莽钓誉耶？国法如此，时论亦乃与古时不同耳。”
汉宣帝地节年间，传说丞相魏相府中有一名婢女上吊自杀了，京兆尹赵广汉怀疑是被魏相夫人因忌妒而杀害的，于是亲自领着吏卒闯入相府，勒令魏相夫人跪在庭中接受质问此案后来查明，魏相夫人确实因为忌妒而责打过那名婢女，但那婢女却是离开相府后自己上吊死的，于是判定魏相夫妇无罪。
汉哀帝建平年间，王莽辞位隐居，因为他的次子王获杀害了一名家奴，王莽大怒，切责王获，竟然逼得王获自杀。
是勋问了，为什么会出现这么两桩事？是因为丞相夫人还没有一名婢女尊贵吗？是因为王莽爱家奴要超过爱儿子吗？怎么可能！或许还有人会说，那是因为赵广汉想要诬陷魏相，王莽则为了沽名钓誉，可是倘若国法规定杀奴无罪，赵广汉又哪敢那么干呢？倘若舆论认为杀奴无罪，王莽又怎么可能以此来博取赞誉呢？
因为国家法律和社会舆论，都跟汉初时候大不相同了呀。
“得国易而守国难，此秦二世而亡者也。魏即得天下，亦未必长久，即以汉论，前有异姓割据，中有诸吕乱政，后有七国之变，设一蹉跌，亦旋起旋灭，则即兵细柳，无以当匈奴也。胡之入华，变更国俗……”再一指庭中那些奴婢“恐彼等不得更为人也。即我等，亦将受俘而为奴矣。”
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