第五章、卖官鬻爵
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这时候曹魏的爵位系统仍然大体沿袭后汉之制,主要分为两大部分。第一部分是同姓宗室,封王封侯这个侯不是列侯,而是诸侯,王食郡而侯食县,各建有国只不过就中多添了一个公爵而已。目前的公爵只有三位,一是曹操之弟曹德,二是凉公吕布这属于历史遗留问题三是新安公刘协。第二部分以封异姓,皆名为侯,也就是列侯,从高到低包括了县侯、乡侯、亭侯和关内侯,前三种有实封之户,后三种仅虚封,相当于多领一份俸禄而已。
列侯为名爵重器,例有军功才得封赏,就理论上而言,哪怕贵为宰相,若无军功,也是无可生而封侯的死后追封倒有一定可能性。朱褒本来就是郡守,也不可能命其入朝为官,也不肯给他州刺史当,所以才打算封个关内侯当作褒奖,其余那几位目前都只是白身而已,怎么可能一步登天封他们为侯呢?
要知道列侯是跟三公一样,都用金印紫绶的,其舆服制度亦可比拟三公,虽无实职,却足尊贵,为人臣之极也。
所以是勋说西南豪囚要想子孙世袭,可以封爵,不能给官,曹操就问难道都封侯吗?他们不够格吧。是勋说既然如此,那就重新制定爵位系统,新设一些能够跟他们等级相侔的爵号出来呗。
曹操心说又来了……爵位问题你们都吵了好几年啦,非得逼着我赶紧定下来吗?再一想。既创新朝。也当新立爵号。这事儿倒确实不宜再拖。于是吩咐是勋:“乃可与陈长文共议之,三日后禀报于朕。”
是勋和陈群大眼儿瞪小眼儿,心说关于新的爵位问题,就咱俩争得最厉害,皇帝还让咱俩凑一起商量?三日后就要给出结果?这是逼着咱们赶紧解决分歧,妥协求存哪。
没有办法,只得领命,然后下去两人就接着再吵。连吵三天。因为期限所逼,无奈之下只得各让一步,最终出台了一份双方都不怎么满意,但捏着鼻子也勉强可以接受的方案出来。
就表面上来看,陈群是主张恢复所谓周制公、侯、伯、子、男五等爵位的,是勋却希望在秦汉二十等爵的基础上加以增删。而究其实质,陈群是想把军功爵转化为文吏爵,是勋则希望保留军功赏爵的制度,并且恢复民爵,以鼓励全社会尚武的风气。二人各有所思。亦各有所欲,实属路线之争。好在这两条路线并非绝对平行,亦可勉强交叉,于是才有了相互妥协的余地。
是勋不希望爵位系统彻底文吏化,但他也知道随着历史的发展、社会的演变,那也是无可逆之而动的大势再说了,由军功贵族执国向实务官僚治国转化,同样也符合他的政治理念。所以嘛,文吏爵可以有,只要不是全部就成。
陈群反对军功得爵,也反对民爵制度,但这两点都是秦汉旧制,顷刻间便欲将之彻底推翻,所受的阻力也相当之大起码军方就没有一个人支持他陈长文。倘若陈群和是勋易地而处,或许是勋会有全盘改制的魄力和威望吧,陈群却还无此实力。故此,他也只得稍稍退让了几步。
最终的爵位系统因此而划分为三大体系:一是同姓,上者封王、下者封公,王食郡、县,公食县、乡,皆有号,有国,但沿用汉制,其国实由傅或相掌其政,相当于郡太守、县令长或者乡老,诸侯本身仅有祭祀之权,而并无实际的军政权力。相对于原本历史上魏朝的封爵制度,阻止了异姓功臣进入有国系统。
当然啦,外族首领亦得以一定程度上进入这一体系,如匈奴、乌丸、鲜卑乃至羌、氐各部酋长或号王、公,或号单于,身份与同姓王公相侔。
第二体系以封异姓,分公、侯、伯、子、男、关内侯、关外侯七等,其中公、侯食乡,伯、子食亭,但有号无国,仅食租税而已,至于男爵以下,但食俸禄。是勋一开始想把最后两等定为它名,以免与乡侯混淆,但是陈群说了,要的就混淆啊。那些偏远地区的汉夷豪酋,哪儿搞得懂什么爵号,光知道为侯尊贵了,你要是封个某某侯,必然欢欣鼓舞,若是封个可世袭的别的名号,必不甚喜,甚至还会以为朝廷是在敷衍他们哪。
以上两大体系,皆为吏爵,有功则赏,无论是军功还是政勋,可得世袭当然啦,若是继承人不够资格,朝廷也可以随时加以褫夺,或者降等,权操于上。第三体系则为民爵,非常简单,只有上勋、中勋、下勋三等,无租无禄,亦不可世袭也。
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