１９０ 范仲淹实行新政
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由于范仲淹军纪严明，还注意减轻边境上百姓的负担，北宋的防守力量加强了。龙腾小说ltxsba.com西夏和北宋打了几年仗，没得到什么好处，到了公元1043年，西夏国主元昊愿意称臣求和，宋朝答应每年送给西夏一批银绢、茶叶，北宋的边境局势才暂时稳定下来。
范仲淹不但是个军事家，而且是宋代著名的政治家、文学家。他是苏州吴县人，从小死了父亲，因为家里贫穷，母亲不得不带着他另嫁到一个姓朱的人家。范仲淹在十分艰苦的环境中成长，他住在一个庙宇里读书，穷得连三餐饭都吃不上，天天只得熬点薄粥充饥，但是他仍旧刻苦自学。有时候，读书到深更半夜，实在倦得张不开眼，就用冷水泼在脸上，等倦意消失了，继续攻读。这样苦读了五六年，终于成为一个很有学问的人。
范仲淹原来在朝廷当谏官，因为看到宰相吕夷简滥用职权，任用私人，就向仁宗大胆揭发。这件事触犯了吕夷简，吕夷简反咬一口，说范仲淹交结朋党，挑拨君臣关系。宋仁宗听信吕夷简的话，把范仲淹贬谪到南方，直到西夏战争发生以后，才把他调到陕西去。
范仲淹在宋夏战争中立下了大功，宋仁宗觉得他的确是个人才。这时候，宋王朝因为内政腐败，加上在跟辽朝和西夏战争中军费和赔款支出浩大，财政发生恐慌。宋仁宗就把范仲淹从陕西调回京城，派他担任副宰相。
范仲淹一回到京城，宋仁宗马上召见，要他提出治国的方案。范仲淹知道朝廷弊病太多，要一下子都改掉不可能，准备一步一步来。但是，禁不住宋仁宗一再催促，就提出了十条改革措施，它的主要内容是：
一、对官史一定要定期考核，按他们的政绩好坏提拔或者降职；
二、严格限制大臣子弟靠父亲的关系得官；
三、改革科举制度；
四、慎重选择任用地方长官。
还有几条是提倡农桑，减轻劳役，加强军备，严格法令等等。
宋仁宗正在改革的兴头上，看了范仲淹的方案，立刻批准在全国推行这十条改革措施。历史上把这次改革称为“庆历新政”（“庆历”是宋仁宗的年号）。
范仲淹为了推行新政，先跟韩琦、富弼（音bi）等大臣审查分派到各路（路是宋朝行政区划的名称）担任监司（监察官）的人选。有一次，范仲淹在官署里审查一份监司的名单，发现有贪赃枉法行为的人员，就提起笔来把名字勾去，准备撤换。在他旁边的富弼看了心里不忍，就对范仲淹说：“范公呀，你这笔一勾，可害得一家子哭鼻子呢。”
范仲淹严肃地说：“要不让一家子哭，那就害了一路（路是北宋政区名称）的百姓都要哭了。”
富弼听了这话，心里顿时亮堂了，佩服范仲淹的见识高明。
范仲淹的新政刚一推行，就像捅了马蜂窝一样。一些皇亲国戚，权贵大臣，贪官污吏，纷纷闹了起来，散布谣言，攻击新政。有些原来就对范仲淹不满的大臣，天天在宋仁宗面前说坏话，说范仲淹一些人交结朋党，滥用职权。
宋仁宗看到反对的人多，就动摇起来。范仲淹被逼得在京城呆不下去，就自动要求回到陕西防守边境，宋仁宗就把他打发走了。
范仲淹一走，宋仁宗就下命令把新政全部废止。
范仲淹为了改革政治，受了很大打击，但是他并不因为个人的遭遇感到懊恼。隔了一年，他的一位在岳州（治所在今湖南岳阳）做官的老朋友滕宗谅，修建当地的名胜岳阳楼，请范仲淹写篇纪念文章。范仲淹挥笔写下了《岳阳楼记》。在那篇著名的文章里，范仲淹提到，一个有远大政治抱负的人，他的思想感情应该是“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”（意思是“担忧在天下人之前，享乐在天下人之后”）。这两句名言一直被后来的人传诵，而岳阳楼也由于范仲淹的文章而更加出名了。
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